When is ATP Made in the Body? During a Process called Cellular Respiration that takes place in both...
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Transcript of When is ATP Made in the Body? During a Process called Cellular Respiration that takes place in both...
When is ATP Made in the Body?
During a Process called Cellular Respiration that takes place in both Plants & Animals & Prokaryotes
Copyright Cmassengale
Cellular Respiration Overview
At this point life diverges into two forms and two pathways– Anaerobic cellular respiration (aka fermentation)– Aerobic cellular respiration
Cellular Respiration Overview
• Transformation of chemical energy in food into chemical energy cells can use: ATP
• Breakdown of one glucose can result in 36 ATP molecules
Overall Reaction:C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
Where Does Cellular Respiration Take Place?
• It actually takes place in two parts of the cell:
Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm
Krebs Cycle & ETC Take place in the Mitochondria
Copyright Cmassengale
Glycolysis Diagram
(page 128)
Copyright Cmassengale
Glycolysis Summary-Takes place in the Cytoplasm (all cells- prokaryotes)
-Anaerobic (Doesn’t Use Oxygen)
-Requires input of 2 ATP
-Glucose split into two molecules of Pyruvate or Pyruvic Acid
Copyright Cmassengale
•Also produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP
Fermentation
Occurs when O2 NOT present (anaerobic)
Called LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION-in muscle cells (makes muscles tired)
Called ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION-in yeast (produces ethanol)
Gains only 2 ATP from each Pyruvic acid
Copyright Cmassengale
Entering the MITOCHONDRIA
• Pyruvic acids ( 3 carbon atoms) from glycolysis- turn into Acetyl CoA (2 carbon atoms) as they enter the mitochondria.
• This produces 1 NADH each
Krebs Cycle
ATP
NETS: 3NADH, 1ATP, 1FADH2, & 2CO2Copyright Cmassengale
Krebs Cycle
Step 1- Acetyl CoA combines with a 4 carbon molecule to produce citric acid (6 carbons)
Kreb’s Cycle
Step 2- Carbon is removed (CO 2) and energy is produced– NADH
Step 3-4 See step 2--- produces ATP and NADH
Kreb’s Cycle
• Step 5- Oxaloacetic acid is used to combine with Acetyl CoA to restart the cycle
Krebs Cycle Summary• Requires Oxygen (Aerobic)• Completes the breakdown of glucose• Turns twice per glucose molecule• Therefore, For each Glucose molecule, the
Krebs Cycle produces 6NADH, 2FADH2, 4CO2, and 2ATP
Takes place in matrix of mitochondria
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Electron Transport Chain (pg136)
Electron Transport Chain Summary
• Occurs Across Inner Mitochondrial membrane• FADH, and NADH donate electrons for the
chain• NADH = 3 ATP’s• FADH2 = 2 ATP’s• Oxygen is the last electron acceptor and
combines with H+ to make water• 34 ATP Produced
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Energy Tally
2 ATP for anaerobic vs 36 ATP for aerobic
– Glycolysis 2 ATP (anaerobic)
– Kreb’s 2 ATP (aerobic)
– Electron Transport 34 ATP (aerobic) 38 ATP
• Anaerobic organisms can’t be too energetic but are important for global recycling of carbon
CALORIE
• Defined as the amount of energy needed to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.
• 4.2 Joules
KILOCALORIES (Large Calorie) Food Calorie
• 1 kilocalorie equals 1000 calories
• We measure food calories in the unit of KILOCALORIES although we only call it a CALORIE.
• The complete oxidation of a glucose molecule will yield 686 kcal.
• ATP requires 12 kcal to be formed
CALCULATING ENERGY YIELD
• EFFICIENCY of glycolysis =Energy Required to make ATP x 100
• Total energy possible (686 kcal)
• Glycolysis is only 3.5 % efficient
• 2 ATP x 12 kcal x 100 • 686 kcal
CALCULATING ENERGY YIELD
Complete Aerobic Respiration is 66% efficient
38 ATP x 12 kcal x 100 = 66 686 kcal