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Function of the digestion tract

Mechanical digestion VS. Chemical digestionFunction of enzymes

Results of the chemical digestion

* Please push these tags. (・∀・ )

POP-QUIZ

Function of the digestive tractDAY1 to 2 – Oral CavityDAY3 to 4 – The Abdominal Cavity

DAY5 to 6 – Lower Abdominal Cavity DAY7 – Pelvic Cavity



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DAY1: MOUTH

- Function: storage of food while you chew it.

- The place where saliva is mixed with food.


DAY1: LIPS

Function: - hold food in the

oral cavity

- help direct food onto the teeth


DAY1: TEETH

Function: - breaking down food into

smaller pieces

- directs food onto teeth

- pushes chewed food to the pharynx


DAY1: Tongue

Function: - directs food into the esophagus


DAY1: SALIVARY GLANDS

Function: - Produce saliva- saliva moistens food, and contains

enzymes that begin the chemical digestion of carbohydrates


DAY2: PHARYNX

Function: - oral and nasal

cavities join

- swallowing occurs


DAY2: EPIGLOTTIS

Function: - closes off the opening of the trachea when

you swallow food- keeps food from entering the air passage


DAY2: ESOPHAGUS

Function: - food moves down the esophagus due to the

process of peristalsis: a rhythmical contraction of the muscles in the esophageal wall


DAY2: PARISTALSIS

Function: - Smooth muscle lining

the esophageal wall pushes food down

- occurs along the intestinal tract


- It has an inner circular and the outer longitudinal muscles. Both these layers facilitate the movement of food along the alimentary canal. The mucous coat keeps the passage smooth and mixes the food with mucus. The muscle layer by periodic contraction and expansion moves the food along the canal. This movement is called peristalsis.

DAY2: PARISTALSIS



DAY3: STOMACH

Function: - stores and churns food- churning helps physical

digestion of food - product of churning: acid

chyme- chemical digestion of proteins

begins here- gastric juice: hydrochloric acid

is formed in stomach- HCl （ acidic pH） can burn

the lining of the stomach, so mucous is produced to protect the stomach lining

HCl changes pepsinogen into pepsin for digestion of protein.


DAY3: STOMACH (Cardiac sphincter)

Function: - closes off the top of the stomach- Keeps stomach acid from entering the esophagus


DAY3: STOMACH (pyloric sphincter)Function: - Closes off the bottom of the stomach- allows small amounts of chyme to enter the

intestine


DAY3: DUODENUM

Function: - enzymes from the pancreas

enter and help the chemical digestions of proteins, fats and carbohydrates

- adding bicarbonate to neutralize the acidic chyme, thus creating a neutral （ pH） environment.

- bile enters the duodenum from the gall bladder and emulsifies fats


DAY3: PANCREAS

Function: - produces digestive enzymes (pancreatic

amylase, trypsin, lipase) and sodium bicarbonate

- sodium bicarbonate helps neutralize the acid chyme



DAY3: PANCREAS - Essential organ towards human body

- The pancreas is called both an exocrine and an endocrine organ.

- Exocrine: produces some enzymatic substances (pancreatic amylase, trypsin, lipase)

- Endocrine: produces hormones (glucagon, insulin* liver page)

- Pancreatic Juice is formed in the pancreas (secreted into the duodenum via the pancreatic duct)

DAY4: GALL BLADDER

Function: - stores bileBile: breaks fat down into small fat droplets in the duodenum


DAY4: LIVER Function: - produces bile- destroys old red blood cells and converts hemoglobin to a

product in bile- stores glucose as glycogen after eating, and breaks down

glycogen to glucose between eating to help maintain glucose level of blood

- produces urea from the breakdown of essential amino acid- makes blood proteins from amino acid- Detoxifies the blood by metabolizing poisonous substances



DAY4: LIVER

Connection with insulin:- Insulin secreted when blood sugar

concentration is high

- it causes liver and muscles to take up and store excess glucose as glycogen

- also promotes synthesis of protein and fats


DAY5: SMALL INTESTINE

Function: - site of absorption of nutrients through the villi

- next page Villi part




Villi: - tiny finger-like projections along the walls- the villi have their microvilli- each villus (singular) have small blood vessels

and a small vessel called a lacteal- lacteal absorbs fluids and returns it to the veins- sugars and amino acids enter the blood vessels

and travel to the liver- glycerol and fatty acids enter the lacteals which

will go back into the bloodstream later at the subclavian veins

- villi and microvilli greatly increase the surface area of the interior of the small intestine

The mesentery proper (i.e. the original definition) refers to the peritoneum responsible for connecting the jejunum and ileum (parts of the small intestine) to the back wall of the abdomen. Between the two sheets of peritoneum are blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves. This allows these parts of the small intestine to move relatively freely within the abdominopelvic cavity.



DAY5: APPENDIX

Function: - junction of the small and large intestine- No known function in humans


DAY6: LARGE INTESTINE (colon)

Function: - responsible for

absorption of water from undigested food

4 PARTS OF COLON:1. Ascending colon2. transverse colon3. descending colon4. sigmoid colon



DAY6: LARGE INTESTINE (colon)

Absorption in the colon:- Main function: absorption of water (some

vitamins may also be absorbed)

- Contains a large population of E.Coli bateria which consume any substances that were not digested earlier

- when the bacteria break down these substances, they give off odorous molecules that cause the characteristic odor of feces.


DAY7: ELIMINATION (RECTUM+AUNS)

Elimination:Undigested food exit the body by the process of elimination (defecation)

Function: 1. Rectum - enlarged portion of the colon - stores undigested food temporarily

2. Anus - allow undigested wastes to exit the body




Mechanical digestion VS. Chemical digestionMechanical digestion (physical digestion):- Physical breakdown of food into smaller

pieces- increases surface area so enzymes can work

on them

Chemical digestion:- Chemical breakdown of food using enzymes

These two processes reduce food to small soluble molecules that can be absorbed.



Function of enzymes

AMYLASE


PROTEASE

LIPASE



AMYLASE

1. Salivary Amylase - enzymes in saliva - acts on starch to break it into many

molecules of maltose - maltose if later broken down in the system to

glucose

2. Pancreatic Amylase - acts on starch to convert it to maltose - occurs in the duodenum but produced by the

pancreas



PROTEASES (two types: pepsin + trypsin)

Function: break down proteins to peptides

1. Pepsin: - produced by the gastric glands of the stomach 2. Trypsin: - produced by the peptides



LIPASE

Function: breaks down fat droplets into glycerol and three fatty acids

- Lipase is produced by pancreas.

*Bile:- Produced by the liver - Stored in the gall bladder



Take place in Enzyme used Enzyme produced by

Result

1. mouth Salivary Amylase salivary Starch → Maltose

2. duodenum Pancreatic Amylase

pancreas Starch → Maltose

3. Small intestine Maltase Small intestine Maltose → 2 Glucoses

Carbohydrate Digestion: begins in the mouth


Protein Digestion: begins in the stomach


Result

1. stomach Protease (pepsin)

Gastric glands Protein → Peptides

2. duodenum Protease (trypsin)

pancreas Protein → Peptides

3. Small intestine peptidases Small intestine Peptides → Amino acids



Result

1. duodenum *bile (not enzyme)

liver Fat → Fat droplets

2. duodenum lipase pancreas Fat droplets → Glycerol + 3 Fatty acids

Fat Digestion: begins in the duodenum



POP-QUIZ

1. Which enzyme is used to break down proteins?

2. What does the enzyme trypsin produced?

3. What organ is responsible for the production of glucagon?

4. Describe the function of bile.

5. Where are E.Coli found?



DO YOU WANT TO KNOW MORE INFORMATION ABOUT HUMAN

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM?

THEN TAKE YOUR PHONE

AND DIAL 4008-517-517GABRIEL XU

READ AGAIN

Bibliography

1. Handouts from Mr. Heard2. Power point from Mr. Heard3. http://www.acm.uiuc.edu/sigbio/project/dige

stive/early/mouth.html4.

http://www.web-books.com/eLibrary/Medicine/Physiology/Digestive/Digestive.htm

5. http://www.healinglightseries.com/tutorialdigestion.html

6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesentery7. http://www.tutorvista.com/content/science/s

cience-ii/nutrition/alimentary-canal.php#


http://www.acm.uiuc.edu/sigbio/project/digestive/early/mouth.html

http://www.acm.uiuc.edu/sigbio/project/digestive/early/mouth.html



http://www.healinglightseries.com/tutorialdigestion.html

http://www.healinglightseries.com/tutorialdigestion.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesentery

http://www.tutorvista.com/content/science/science-ii/nutrition/alimentary-canal.php

http://www.tutorvista.com/content/science/science-ii/nutrition/alimentary-canal.php

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