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![Page 1: When Friendships Bring You Down: Peer Relationship Predictors of Adolescent Depression Joseph P. Allen University of Virginia Gabriel P. Kuperminc Georgia.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b6f7f8b9ab0599b4cf1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
When Friendships Bring You Down:Peer Relationship Predictors of Adolescent Depression
Joseph P. AllenUniversity of Virginia
Gabriel P. KupermincGeorgia State University
Cynthia MooreHarvard Medical School
Copies of Related Papers are available at:Teenresearch.org
Collaborators:Maryfrances Porter, Ph.D.Christy McFarlandPenny MarshKathleen McElhaney, Ph.D.Nell ManningJennifer Haynes
Heather Tencer, Ph.D.Sally KaufmanFarah WilliamsDebbie Land, Ph.D.Jill AntonishakKatie Little
Martin HoJess MeyerMindy Schmidt, Ph.D.Glenda Insabella, Ph.D.Liz BallWrenn Thompson
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In what ways are social relationships important in understanding the development of early adolescent depression?
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Background
• Increasing Incidence of Depressive Symptoms During Adolescence
• Therapies Emphasize Dysfunctional Social Relationships
• Lack of Knowledge About HOW and WHY Relationships go Awry
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The University of Virginia “KLIFF” Project Kids’ Lives, Families, & Friends
• 168 Adolescents, their Parents, Best Friends, and Other Friends
• Equal numbers of Males and Females
• Assessed Annually, Beginning at Age 13
• Highly Socio-economically Diverse (Median Family Income= $40- $60K)
• 31% African American; 69% European American
• Intensive Interviews and Observations with all parties (Parents, teens, best friends, other friends) (Total N over first 3 years ~ 900).
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Measures: Depressive Symptoms
• Teen reported via Children’s Depression Inventory (Kovacs & Beck, 1977).
• Child/Adolescent version of Beck Depression Inventory
• 27-items. Examples:I am sad all the time.I hate myself.
• Continuum/severity approach • Symptoms below diagnostic thresholds are nevertheless important predictors of
dysfunction.
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Simple Correlation
Adolescent Depressive Symptoms At Age 13 and Age 14: .58***
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Changing Over Time in Depressive Symptoms
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Age 13 Age 14
Att
achm
ent S
ecur
ity
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Change Over Time in Depressive Symptoms
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Age 13 Age 14
Att
achm
ent S
ecur
ity
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Change Over Time in Depressive Symptoms: “Spaghetti Plot” of Individual Participants Change
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Developmental Psychopathology Perspective
Areas of greatest vulnerability in interpersonal relationships occur when progress in critical developmental tasks is threatened.
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Handling the “Give & Take” of Peer Relationships
• A fundamental developmental task linked to establishment of
Autonomy & Relatedness in Social Relationships
• 3 Kinds of Potential Failures to Engage
• Becoming Hostile when Disagreeing
• Withdrawing from Peers
• Becoming Overly Dependent upon one’s Peers
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Failures to Engage: Becoming Hostile When Disagreeing
• Coded from Videotaped Discussions of “Mars Task”• 2 best friends separately decide which hypothetical characters will be rescued first following a space accident.
• The 2 friends are then brought together and come to a “consensus” answer.
• Autonomy-Undermining/Enmeshing Behavior:• overpersonalizing disagreements• pressuring with threats or intimidation• false “concessions” and “recantations”
• Relatedness-Undermining/Hostile Behavior:• Rudeness, hostility, sarcasm• Ignoring other person, distracting interruptions
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Peer Relationship Qualities as Predictors of Age 14 Depressive Symptoms (Controlling for Age 13 Depression)
Depressive Symptoms (Age 14) R2 Total R2
Step I. Depressive Symptoms (Age 13) .58*** .33*** .33***Step II. Gender .04 .00 .33***
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Peer Relationship Qualities as Predictors of Age 14 Depressive Symptoms (Controlling for Age 13 Depression)
Depressive Symptoms (Age 14) R2 Total R2
Step I. Depressive Symptoms (Age 13) .58*** .33*** .33***Step II. Gender .04 .00 .33***Step III. Undermining Autonomy with Peer Undermining Relatedness with Peer
-.12.28***
.06** .39***
Hostility while Disagreeing Predicts Increasing Depression Over Time
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Failure to Engage: Social Withdrawal
• Withdrawal scale from Pupil Evaluation Inventory (Pekarik, Prinz, Liebert, Weintraub, & Neale, 1976)
• Rated by best friend
• 9 items tapping socially withdrawn behavior, e.g.:• “S/he often doesn’t want to hang out or do things with other kids.”
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Peer Relationship Qualities as Predictors of Age 14 Depressive Symptoms (Controlling for Age 13 Depression)
Depressive Symptoms (Age 14) R2 Total R2
Step I. Depressive Symptoms (Age 13) .58*** .33*** .33***Step II. Gender .04 .00 .33***Step III. Peer-Ratings of Teen Social Withdrawal
.19** .04** .37***
Social Withdrawal Predicts Increasing Depression Over Time
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Predicting Change in Depression from Social Withdrawal
Withdrawal (13)
Depression (13) Depression (14).59***
.19**
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Reciprocal Effects of Depression and Social Withdrawal
Withdrawal (13)
Depression (13) Depression (14)
Withdrawal (14)
.59***
.24**
.20*
.19**
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Failure to Engage: Becoming Overly Dependent on One’s Best Friend
• Videotaped Discussions - Supportive Behavior Task with Peers
• Teens discuss “a problem they were having that they could use some advice or support about.”
• Topics included dating, problems with peers or siblings, raising money, decisions about participating in teams or clubs
• Call for Emotional Support:• Intensity of emotional distress conveyed to their friend and persistence
in asking for help with it during the interaction.
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Peer Relationship Qualities as Predictors of Age 14 Depressive Symptoms (Controlling for Age 13 Depression)
Depressive Symptoms (Age 14) R2 Total R2
Step I. Depressive Symptoms (Age 13) .58*** .33*** .33***Step II. Gender .04 .00 .33***Step III. Undermining Autonomy with Peer Undermining Relatedness with Peer
-.12.28***
.06** .39***Step IV. Calls for Emotional Support from Peer
.14* .02* .41***
High Calls for Emotional Support from Peers Predict Increasing Depression Over Time
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Peer Relationship Qualities as Predictors of Age 14 Depressive Symptoms (Controlling for Age 13 Depression)
Depressive Symptoms (Age 14) R2 Total R2
Step I. Depressive Symptoms (Age 13) .58*** .33*** .33***Step II. Gender .04 .00 .33***Step III. Undermining Autonomy with Peer Undermining Relatedness with Peer
-.12.28***
.06** .39***Step IV. Calls for Emotional Support from Peer
.14* .02* .41***
Step V. Peer-Ratings of Teen Social Withdrawal
.17** .03** .44***
Additive Effects of Predictors of Increasing Depression Over TimeTotal R2 = 11%
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Relationship Qualities as Predictors of Age 14 Depressive Symptoms (Controlling for Age 13 Depression)
Depressive Symptoms (Age 14) R2 Total R2
Step I. Depressive Symptoms (Age 13) .58*** .33*** .33***Step II. Gender .04 .00 .33***Step III. Undermining Autonomy & Relatedness with Mother
.23*** .05*** .38***
Autonomy & Relatedness Struggles with Mothers Predict Increasing Depression Over Time
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Peer Relationship Qualities as Predictors of Age 14 Depressive Symptoms (Controlling for Age 13 Depression)
Depressive Symptoms (Age 14) R2 Total R2
Step I. Depressive Symptoms (Age 13) .58*** .33*** .33***Step II. Gender .04 .00 .33***Step III. Undermining Autonomy & Relatedness with Mother
.23*** .05*** .38***
Step IV. Undermining Relatedness with Peer
.19** .04** .42***
Step V. Call for Peer Emotional Support .13* .02* .44***
Step VI. Social Withdrawal from Peers .13* .02* .46***
Peer Factors Continue to Predict Over and Above Maternal Relationship Factors
Total R2 = 13% Multiple R change predictors = .36***
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Behavioral Pathways for Handling Give & Take of Relationships that Predict Increasing Depression
Challenge of Peer
Relation-ships
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Behavioral Pathways for Handling Give & Take of Relationships that Predict Increasing Depression
Challenge of Peer
Relation-ships
Hostility“Fight”
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Behavioral Pathways for Handling Give & Take of Relationships that Predict Increasing Depression
Challenge of Peer
Relation-ships
Hostility“Fight”
Withdrawal“Run”
![Page 27: When Friendships Bring You Down: Peer Relationship Predictors of Adolescent Depression Joseph P. Allen University of Virginia Gabriel P. Kuperminc Georgia.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b6f7f8b9ab0599b4cf1/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Behavioral Pathways for Handling Give & Take of Relationships that Predict Increasing Depression
Challenge of Peer
Relation-ships
Routes Leading TowardDepression
Hostility“Fight”
Withdrawal“Run”
Excessive Dependence “Cling”
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Behavioral Pathways for Handling Give & Take of Relationships that Predict Increasing Depression
Challenge of Peer
Relation-ships
Route Leading AwayFrom Depression
Routes Leading TowardDepression
Hostility“Fight”
Withdrawal“Run”
Excessive Dependence “Cling”
Autonomous Engagement
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Limitations
• Correlational Nature of Data & Alternative Causal Models
• Short Time Frame Assessed
• Not focusing on “high-risk” adolescents
• Depressive Symptoms within Community Samples
• But rates of suicidal ideation across adolescence exceed 60% even in
“community samples.”
Copies of Related Papers are available at:Teenresearch.org
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