What’s Ahead

• Substantive Overview• Procedural and Administrative Aspects

Substantive Overview -- Three Wars and the US

• World War I• World War I• “The Yugoslav Wars”

– Bosnia– Kosovo

Excluded US Wars(19th Century)

• American Revolutionary War• War of 1812• Mexican-American War• American Civil War• Spanish-American War

Excluded US Wars(20th Century)

• Korean War• Vietnam War• Gulf War

Why Include (Just) Those Three Wars?

• Similarities– All in 20th Century– All in Europe– All seen by at least some as ends of an era

• Differences -- Including a Mix of Old and New• Not Covered Elsewhere in Upper-Level Curriculum

– Cf. Vietnam (Indochina War seminar)– Cf. Gulf War

Just Ahead

• Brief Description of Each War• Comparisons and Contrasts• Summary Analytical Question

World War I

• August 1914 to November 1918• Central Powers vs. Allied Powers• The “Associated” Power – the United States• Trenches, Machine Guns and Mustard Gas• The End of Emperors, not Empires

World War II

• September 1939 to May 1945 (in Europe)• {September 1931 to August 1945 (in Asia) }• (Western Allies and Soviets) vs. Axis• Blitzkrieg, Strategic Bombing, and Auschwitz• The End of Germany, not Europe

The Yugoslav Wars – Bosnia and Kosovo

• April 1992 to June 1999 (?)• Serbs vs. Croats, Muslims, and NATO• Ethnic Cleansing, Peacekeeping, and Douhet’s

Dream Realized• The End of Sovereignty?

The Three Wars Compared

• Started in eastern Europe• Initially involved European nation(s) only• Eventually involved US armed forces in Europe• Involved US ground troops in occupation• Fought by Democratic Presidents

The Three Wars Compared (continued)

• Involved alliances• Spawned or involved collective-security

organizations• Caused extensive civilian suffering

The World Wars Did, But the Yugoslav Wars Did Not ...

• Cause extensive civilian suffering across Europe• Involve combat across Europe (and beyond)• Begin with German troops invading other nations• Involve hundreds of thousands of US combat

deaths• Topple multiple governments• Involve Russian troops in combat

Summary Analytical Question:Did the Cold War Matter?

• World Wars Preceded Cold War• Yugoslav Wars Followed Cold War• Are the World Wars Different from the Yugoslav

Wars, and If So How and Why?

Subsidiary Analytical Questions

• How Do Nations Get Into Wars?• How Do We Get Into Wars?• What Is a Good Peace?• Does Law Matter?

Does Law Matter?

• Does International Law Matter?– Alliance Treaties– Collective-Security Organizations– War Crimes

• Does Domestic Law Matter? -- Congress and the President– Woodrow Wilson and the Versailles Treaty– FDR and the Neutrality and Lend-Lease Acts– Bill Clinton and the War Powers Act

Procedural and Administrative Aspects of the Course

• As a Seminar• Simulations• Projects (typically Papers)

Usual Aspects of the Course (as a Seminar)

• Small Size• Weekly Meetings• Discussion• Research Papers

Grades

• 50% Class Participation– Mostly quality of comments– Mere attendance counts for something– Trying counts for something

• 50% Written Project

Written Project

• Typically a Research Paper• Two Alternatives

– Web project– Simulation project

Substance of Research Papers

• Analytical• Substantial Research• Some Originality• Ideally blend law, history, and politics

Form of Research Papers

• 22-27 pages• Pages have 1-inch margins top, bottom, left, and

right• Double spaced• 12 pt. Type in Times New Roman• Endnotes

– don’t count towards page limit– citations only

Schedule for Research Papers

• Topic Sentence Due: Friday, September 17th

• Topic Paragraph Due: Monday, September 27th• One-Page Summary Due: Monday, October 4th• Outline Due: Monday, November 1st• Papers Due: Tuesday, November 23rd by 5 p.m.• Classes End: Friday, December 3rd

Alternatives to a Research Paper

• Web Project– Original content– Hypertext– Annotated Links

Alternatives to a Research Paper (continued)

• Simulation Projects (cf. Whole-Class Simulations)– Evaluation of Historical Accuracy– “Controlled” Experiments– Rules Additions

Scheduling (Generally)

• Regular Meetings• Project (Papers or other projects)• Simulations

Scheduling (Simulations)

• Two or Three Sessions (total of around 8 hours)• Flexible Scheduling• Nights or Weekends

Simulations

• Historical• Complex• Games

Description of Simulations

• Like a much-developed version of Chess or Risk or Stratego

• Board games, with a map as the board• Pieces, with abstractions of military units or

diplomatic influence as pieces

Why Use Simulations?

• Unusual• Active Learning• Interactions with Other People in the Class

Candidate Simulations (Tried and True)

• Diplomacy• Origins of World War II

Candidate Simulations (Experimental)

• World War I– Origins of World War I– World War One

• World War II– Atlantic Storm (WWII convoys)– War at Sea (WWII) – Tito

Candidate Simulations (Experimental) (continued)

• Post-World War II– Among Nations (general international

relations)– Bosnian Hell– Bosnian Storm

World War I Paper Topics

• Belgian Neutrality and British Entry• The British, the Germans, and the Law of the Sea• The Armistice and the Versailles Treaty

Compared• Alliance Compliance Before and During World

War I

Interwar Paper Topics

• The Non-Versailles Peace Treaties• Inter-Allied Commissions in Germany• The German Program of Secret Rearmament• The League of Nations and United Nations--

Covenant and Charter Compared

Interwar Paper Topics (continued)

• Inter-War Naval Disarmament• The Economic Effect of Reparations on Germany• International Economic Cooperation Between the

Wars• Alliance Compliance before World War II

World War II Paper Topics

• The Undeclared Naval War: Authorization and Constitutionality

• The 1944 Election, the UN, and Constitutional Moments

• Coordination between Britain and the US in World War II: Legal, Moral, or Personal?

• Compliance with Three-Power Declarations from World War II

Yugoslav Wars Paper Topics

• The Balkans from 1389 to 1992• Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia: Who’s to Blame?• The US, the UN Charter, and the Kosovo Conflict• The UN in Bosnia and Kosovo• NATO Air Operations in the Former Yugoslavia

and the laws of war

Yugoslav Wars Paper Topics (continued)

• Comparing the ICTFY and the ICTR• SFOR, IFOR, the Contact Group, NATO, and the

UN: International Organizations in Bosnia 1990-1996

• Compliance with the Dayton Accords• Recognizing Disunion: The Case of the Former

Yugoslavia

Computers and the Course

• Web page• Electronic Distribution of Next Week’s Materials• Centennia Historical Atlas

The Centennia Historical Atlas

• Electronic atlas• Animated border changes in Europe and the

Middle East• Installation• Use