What will 2,4-D and Dicamba-wellerCurrent Situation • Dow AgroSciences and Monsanto are developing...
Transcript of What will 2,4-D and Dicamba-wellerCurrent Situation • Dow AgroSciences and Monsanto are developing...
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Whatwill2,4‐DandDicambaAgronomicCropsMeanfor
VegetableProducers?StephenWeller
HLAPurdueUniversity
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CurrentSituation
• DowAgroSciencesandMonsantoaredevelopingagronomiccropswithresistanceto2,4‐Danddicamba.
• Thistechnologyismovingforward• Thistalkistoprovidebackgroundon:
– thelogicforthistechnology– informationaboutthetechnologyand– concernsweasvegetablegrowersshouldbeawareofasthismovesforward.
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BackgroundonHerbicideResistantCrops
• RoundupReady(RUR)AgronomicCrops– Revolutionizedweedmanagement
– Increasedno‐tillpractices– Glyphosateappliedpostemergentduringcropseasonprovidedexcellentbroad‐spectrumweedcontrol
– RURCrops–soybean,corn,cotton,sugarbeet,canola
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RURWeedManagement
• Technologyhasnotbeenperfect• Highselectionpressureonweeds• Multipleapplicationswithinyears
• Resistantweedsevolved– 21weedsworldwideareresistant– 3majorweedsinINconfirmed
• Marestail,giantragweed,waterhemp
– Othersuspected
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Waterhemp In the last 15 years, it has emerged as one of the most
problematic weeds to control in soybeans and corn Documented resistance to triazines, ALS inhibitors, and PPO’s (not as widespread as ALS resistance at the current time)
Best options for postemergence control in soybean besides PPO’s
Glyphosate Glufosinate (Liberty) Hand removal?
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Triple-Stack Corn - Yield Gard CB - Yield Gard RW - Roundup Ready
Triple-Stack Corn - Herculex I - Herculex RW - Liberty Link
Triple-Stack Waterhemp - ALS resistant - PPO resistant - Glyphosate resistant
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Sensitive Noble County 0.75 lb ae/A – 21 DAT
GiantRagweedInIndiana
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Sensitive Noble County 3.0 lb ae/A – 21 DAT
GiantRagweedInIndiana
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WeatherMax 88 oz at 1 inch
WeatherMax 88 oz at 4 inch
WeatherMax 88 oz at 12 inch
PalmerAmaranthinCottoninGA,wedon’thaveit,YET!
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WhatdoesWeedResistancetoRoundupMean?
• Roundupreadytechnologyimperiled• Requiresuseofadditionalherbicidetoolsandculturalpractices
• Mustinvestigatenewcontrolmethodsanduseintegratedweedmanagementrelyinglessonthesoleuseofglyphosate
• Herbicidecompaniesinvestigatingnewmethodsofweedcontrol
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FutureWeedManagementTechnology
• NewHerbicidemechanisms‐limited• GeneticEngineeringtoobtaincropplantsresistanttootherherbicides
• DowAgroSciences‐– EnlistWeedControlSystemwith2,4‐Dtoleranceincorn,soybeanandcotton
• Monsanto – RoundupReadyPluswithdicambatoleranceincorn,soybeanandcotton
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WhyHerbicideTolerantCrops?
• ProvideanadditionaltoolintheRURsystem• Aherbicidemanagementpackagethatwouldprovideawidespectrumofcontrolwithoutdamagingthecrop
• Useofmultiplemechanismsofactionmixturesshouldsloworpreventfurtherevolutionofherbicideresistantweeds
• MaintainsustainabilityofRURsystem
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ConcernsRegardingthisTechnology
1.Howwillthisinfluenceweedmanagementinagronomiccrops?
2.Howwillwidespreaduseof2,4‐Danddicambaaffectnon‐targetcropsiftheseherbicidesmoveawayfromthetreatedfieldbydriftand/orvolatility?• Ourconcernasvegetablegrowersisquestion2
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PresentKnowledge
• 2,4‐Danddicambaprovidecontrolofmanybroadleafweedsthathavedevelopedresistancetoglyphosate
• Thepossibilityofinjurytonon‐targetplantsfromdriftand/orvolatilityarewelldocumented
• Driftofanyherbicidecancauseproblemsbutisespeciallyproblematicfortheseherbicidesasvegetablesarequitesensitivetoverylowdoses
• Volatilityhasbeenaproblemwithcertain2,4‐Danddicambaformulations(2,4‐Desters,Banvel)
• Mustensurethatthistechnologyisthoroughlytestedpriortoanyrelease
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PresentStatusofEnlistTechnology
• EnlistSystem– Genesdiscoveredthatmetabolize2,4‐Dandtheycanbetransformedintotargetcrops
– Abetterformulationof2,4‐Dwasnecessary• Lessvolatile,lesssusceptibletodrift
– Colex‐Dtechnologydeveloped• 2,4‐Dcholineisaquartnaryammoniumsalt,notanamineoranester
• Ultralowvolatility• Minimizedpotentialfordrift• Lowodor• Betterhandlingcharacteristics
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2,4‐DMetabolismGene
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PresentStatusofEnlistTechnology
• Corn,soybeanandcottonindevelopment• Allcropswillcontainglyphosateresistance• Soybeanandcottonandsomecornwillcontainglufosinateresistance
• Cornwillhaveresistanceto‘Fop’herbicides• Offeranexpandedwindowofapplicationbothburndownandlaterinseason
• Targetreleasedates–2013forcorn,2014forsoybean,2015‐16forcotton
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PresentStatusofRoundupReadyPlusCrops
• RoundupReadyPlus– Genesfordiscoveredthatmetabolizedicambaandcanbetransformedintotargetcrops
– Abetterformofdicambawasnecessary• Lessvolatile,lesssusceptibletodrift
– dicambaformulationtechnology• Ultralowvolatility• Minimizedpotentialfordrift
• Betterhandlingcharacteristics
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PresentStatusofRoundupReadyPlusCrops
• Soybean,cornandcottonbeingdeveloped• ResistancetoRoundup,dicambaandincottonglufosinate
• Thistechnologywillprovidebetterweedcontrol,lesscropinjuryandgreaterflexibilityintimingofapplications
• Releasedatein2015• BASFandMonsantoworkingtogetheronherbicideandoff‐sitemovementissues
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NewHerbicideResistantCropTechnologies
• Willrequiretheuseofpreemergentherbicides
• Researchbeingconductedon:– Appropriateapplicationtechnology
• Nozzles• Effectofoff‐sitemovementbydriftandpotentialforvolatility
• Environmentalconditioneffects
• Susceptibilityofnon‐targetplants
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WhatdoesthisTechnologymeanforVegetableGrowers?
• Mustbeawareofthistechnology• Willrequirebettercommunicationbetweenneighbors
• Willthereberegulationsontheuseofthistechnology
• Ifoff‐sitemovementoccurs,whatshouldbedone?
• Whataboutdamage?
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www.driftwatch.org
RegistryofPesticide‐sensitiveAreasdriftwatch(TM)isatooltohelpprotectpesticide‐sensitivecropsandhabitatsfromthedriftthatsometimesoccursduringsprayoperations
www.driftwatch.org
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DriftWatchisaPurduebasedProgram
• Thisprogramprovidesabaseofinformationtoallfarmersaboutthepresenceofsensitivecrops
• Becomeawareofthissiteandhowtobeinvolvedtominimizeproblems
• Mapsofsensitivecrops
• Warningsofwhencropswillbeplantedorexist
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WhatistheHLADepartmentdoing?
• Developingdiagnostictoolsandinformationaboutvegetablecropsresponsetodrift
• Whatarethesymptoms?
• Whenorifcropsrecover?
• Howmuchlossmightoccur?
• Educationforapplicatorsonhowbesttousethenewtechnology
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WhatistheHLADepartmentdoing?
• Determinationofcropresponse• Determinationofnozzlesusedinapplicationandhowfarparticlesmove
• Environmentalconditionsthatresultinvolatilitypotential
• SCRIgrantinvolvement
• Companycooperation
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WhatResultshavebeenGenerated?
• Effectsoflow‐dose2,4‐DanddicambaandcombinationswithRoundupto:– Processingtomatoresponses– Freshmarketvegetablesresponse‐Tomatoes,peppers,muskmelon,watermelon
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ExperimentalMethods–ProcessingTomatoes
• TwoApplicationTimings– Smallplants/Largeplants
• Cultivars– 2007:611– 2008:611&311(IN),616&818(OH)
• 7Rates– 0,1/1000,1/300,1/100,1/30,1/10,&1/3XrateswhereX=0.5lbsae/A
fordicambaandX=0.6lbs/Aforglyphosate
• Datacollected– Cropinjury,yield(redandgreenfruit),and%flowerloss
• Analysis– Non‐linearloglogisticmodelinginR
• PlotDesign– 1.5mx6mplots– Tomatoestransplantedintoraisedbeds
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CommonlyObservedSymptomswithDicamba
5 hours after treatment
3 days after treatment
7 days after treatment
14 days after treatment
28 days after treatment
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Results
FlowerLoss– 5%
• Timing1:1/233rd• Timing2:1/373rd
– 25%• Timing1:1/42nd
• Timing2:1/88th
– 50%• Timing1:1/15th• Timing2:1/36th
MarketableFruitLoss– 1%
• Timing1:1/1120th• Timing2:1/622nd
– 5%• Timing1:1/243rd
• Timing2:1/224th
– 10%• Timing1:1/124th• Timing2:1/144th
(0.5 lbs ae/A = 1X)
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Conclusions
• Lowratesofdicambadriftresultedinsignificantyieldlossregardlessoftiming
• Thesecondtimingatfloweringcausedhigheryieldlossthanthefirsttiming
• Resultsweresimilaratbothlocationsandforallcultivarstested
• Thereisariskofcausingtomatoyieldlossfromdicambadrift
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CommonlyObservedSymptomscausedbyGlyphosate
3 days after treatment
7 days after treatment
21 days after treatment
28 days after treatment
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Results
FlowerLoss– 5%
• Timing1:1/20th• Timing2:1/229th
– 25%• Timing1:1/13th
• Timing2:1/85th
– 50%• Timing1:1/10th• Timing2:1/47th
MarketableFruitLoss– 1%
• Timing1:1/58th• Timing2:1/337th
– 5%• Timing1:1/30th
• Timing2:1/164th
– 10%• Timing1:1/22nd• Timing2:1/120th
(0.6 lbs ae/A= 1X)
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Conclusions
• Glyphosatedriftatthetimeoffruitsetleadstogreaterfruitlossthanatthetimeoftransplanting
• Glyphosatedriftdelayedfruitripening• Bothcultivarstestedrespondedsimilarlytoglyphosatedrift
• Tomatoesaresensitivetoevenlowratesofglyphosate
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Gly1/300X Gly1/100X Gly1/30X
Dicamba1/300X Dicamba1/100X Dicamba1/30X
Gly1/300XDicamba1/300X
Gly1/100XDicamba1/100X
Gly1/30XDicamba1/30X
Untreated
TomatoResponsetocombinationsof GlyphosateandDicambaDrift
Untreated 1/100X 1/100X 1/100+1/100 glyphosate dicambaGly+dicamba
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TomatoResponsetocombinationsof GlyphosateandDicambaDrift
Untreated 1/30X 1/30X 1/30+1/30 glyphosate dicambaGly+dicamba
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Glyphosate rate
Dicamba rate
Expected results1
Observed results2
Difference in results Joint activity
______ lbs ae/A______ _____________ % Control _____________
2 WAT
1/300 + 1/300 26 21 -5 Additive
1/100 + 1/100 61 74 13 Synergistic
1/30 + 1/30 95 94 -1 Additive
5 WAT +
1/300 + 1/300 40 32 -8 Additive
1/100 + 1/100 67 69 2 Additive
1/30 + 1/30 95 91 -4 Additive
Theeffectsofthreedifferentdriftratesofdicambaandglyphosateoncommercialprocessingtomatoes.
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Conclusions
• Driftfromcombinationsofglyphosateanddicambahaveanadditiveeffectoncausingtomatoinjury
• 1/30x+1/30Xresultedin>90%injury• Driftfromeitherglyphosateordicambacausesseriousinjury
• Driftfromacombinationofthe2herbicidescausesevengreaterinjury
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MethodsandMaterials
• 2010and2011studiesperformedatMeigsHorticultureResearchFarminLafayette,IN.
• Fourvegetablecropswereused:• “Mt.FreshPlus”tomato• “Aristotle”bellpepper• “HalesBestJumbo”cantaloupe• “MardiGras”watermelon
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CantaloupeInjury,21DAT
Untreated 8gaeha‐1
8gaeha‐1+8gaeha‐1gly 4gaeha‐1 4gaeha‐1+4gaeha‐1gly
16gaeha‐1
2,4‐D
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CantaloupeInjury,21DAT
Untreated 5.6gaeha‐1
5.6gaeha‐1+8gaeha‐1gly 2.8gaeha‐1 2.8gaeha‐1+4gaeha‐1gly
11.2gaeha‐1
Dicamba
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TomatoInjury,21DAT
Untreated 8gaeha‐1
8gaeha‐1+8gaeha‐1gly4gaeha‐1 4gaeha‐1+4gaeha‐1gly
16gaeha‐1
2,4‐D
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TomatoInjury,21DAT
Untreated 5.6gaeha‐1
5.6gaeha‐1+8gaeha‐1gly 2.8gaeha‐1 2.8gaeha‐1+4gaeha‐1gly
11.2gaeha‐1
Dicamba
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ConclusionsTotalHarvest
• Cantaloupe• Initialdelayinfruitmaturity• 2,4‐Dtreatedplantsyieldedlessthanuntreated.• Therewasnototalyielddifferencebetweenuntreatedanddicamba‐treatedplants.
• Tomato• Delayinfruitmaturitybutoverallnodifferencebetweenuntreatedandtreatedplantsforeither2,4‐Dordicamba.
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SCRIResearch
• Willdetermineeffectsof:– Wind– Formulation– NozzletypeOnherbicidemovementFurther,wewill:– Quantifyamountsofherbicidethatmove– Quantifyeffectoncropinjury,croprecovery,timetofruitmaturityandcropyield/quality
– ConductedonmajorvegetablecropsgrownintheMidwestU.S.