What was the political party of Thomas Jefferson? Jeffersonian Presidency.
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Transcript of What was the political party of Thomas Jefferson? Jeffersonian Presidency.
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What was the political party of Thomas Jefferson?
Jeffersonian Presidency
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Thomas Jefferson• From Virginia• Public Office:
– Governor of Virginia– Sec. of State– Vice President
• Believed in strong state governments– They can respond faster than
federal government
• Believed farmers were the backbone of America– Cities would corrupt the
country…like Europe
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• What actions of John Adams & Alexander Hamilton did Thomas Jefferson object to??
• Alexander Hamilton had increased America’s federal debt– Believed this would strengthen the government– Jefferson: This just helps the rich, urban people & requires taxes
on who??– Cuts taxes and reduces government spending
• Adams had passed the Alien & Sedition Act– Hurts America’s great freedoms– Permits these to expire
• Wants America to return to small government and localized freedoms
Undoing Adams’ & Hamilton
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Packing the Court• Adams & Federalists
voted out of White House & Congress– What is left??
• Adams signs Judiciary Act of 1801– Creates NEW judge
positions– What will Adams do?
• Adams appoints all Federalist judges
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• Chief Justice John Marshall is Federalist– Wants Supreme Court to be strong
• William Marbury is to be appointed Justice of Peace• Jefferson & James Madison refuse to appoint him• Case goes to Supreme Court• Marbury vs. Madison
– Chief Justice Marshall says Judiciary Act is unconstitutional– Marbury/Federalists upset…
• Marshall has said Supreme Court has right to Judicial Review and can overturn Presidential & Congressional decisions
Marbury vs. Madison
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• French in control of massive land to West of US– Including port of New Orleans
• 1803: Jefferson sends envoys to France to buy New Orleans
• Napoleon is about to begin new wars against England, Austria, Prussia and other countries and needs $$$
• Offers ALL of Louisiana territory for $15 million• Jefferson worries he oversteps Presidential powers
but will not pass up offer• 1804 Lewis & Clark Expedition will explore territory,
document findings, find new passages, etc
Louisiana Purchase
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What success did Jefferson enjoy at home?
Foreign Challenges of the Jefferson Presidency
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Barbary Pirates
• Jefferson’s first term has peace with Europe
• Arab rulers in North African Barbary States demand bribes to protect American ships
• Jefferson sends US Navy to punish pirates
• Has to raise taxes on imports– What is this called?
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First term successes of Jefferson• Peace with Europe• Louisiana territory acquired• Ohio became state• Mississippi & Indiana
become territories• Punished Barbary Pirates• Paid down debt by $25
million• Increased trade with Europe• 1804: Re-elected in landslide
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• What conflict is still taking place in Europe?• How might this impact America?• Napoleon controls continent of Europe
– Will not allow any country to trade with England• England controls the oceans
– Will not allow any country to trade with France• American shipping was HUGE businesses
– Lumber & Fish from north– Rice & Cotton from south– Wheat & grain from west
• English sailors desert English navy and join USA merchants
Growing problems in Europe
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• June 1807: US ship Chesapeake leaves Virginia• British ship stops Chesapeake and demands to search
ship for deserting Englishmen• US Captain refuses and England fires on ship, killing 3
men, wound 18– England boards ship
• 4 “deserters” are taken prisoner and Chesapeake returns to Virginia
• England will continue to push 6,000 Americans into their navy– What is this called???
• Impressment
Chesapeake Affair
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A Failed Embargo• England refuses to
apologize• Jefferson believes England
& France need our trade too much to fight
• Jefferson bans all trade with Europe
• Embargo hurts American trade and NOT Europe
• Businessmen and farmers HATE embargo
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What was the main cause of America going to war with England?
How did Jefferson first try to deal with England/Europe?
War of 1812
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Causes of the War of 1812• Impressment– England searching for ex-
Navy takes American citizens
• Chesapeake Affair– England fires upon and
boards US boat taking prisoners
• Nationalism• Indian Aggression– Real or imagined??
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• Westward Expansion typically involved BUYING Indian lands
• Tecumseh of the Shawnee Indians organizes all Indians from Canada to Florida to oppose selling anymore land– William Henry Harrison, governor of Indiana buys 3 million
from other Indians• Tecumseh says “give back lands, no more going west and
I will help you fight English”• Harrison refuses, attacks Tippecanoe and burns village
– Indians go on warpath– Americans convinced English are helping– English sort of were helping but did NOT want war
Battle of Tippecanoe
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What do you think will happen next?
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Congress Declares War• Country divided on going
to war• South & West want war
for land and protection• Northeast want peace to
continue trading and business
• Congress passes declaration of war
• Convinced it will be easy and doesn’t raises taxes
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Ready to fight?
• American army is 7,000 strong– 400,000 militia will need
to be called up– Weaknesses still exist
• American Navy has 16 ships
• Britain has 8,500 • England has 97 ships
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• America is unprepared for war and suffers major defeats in the West
• Some victories take place, mainly on sea• Madison will win a second term
America goes to war
• What was the “First Battle” of the War of 1812? What American was the leader of this fight?
The Conclusion of War of 1812