What the shapes of grapevine leaves tell us about ancient and future climates

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What the shapes of grapevine leaves tell us about ancient and future climatesDan ChitwoodDonald Danforth Plant Science CenterApril 12, 2016

Chitwood & Sinha, 2016Leaf shape varies byevolution, genetics, development andby present climates & ancient climates

Leaf shape varies byevolution, genetics, development andby present climates & ancient climatesChitwood & Sinha, 2016

Paleomap, scotese.com

Leaf shape varies byevolution, genetics, development andby present climates & ancient climatesChitwood & Sinha, 2016

There are many ways to measure shape:Pseudo-landmarks

Chitwood & Sinha, 2016

There are many ways to measure shape:Elliptical Fourier Descriptors


There are many ways to measure shape:Homologous landmarks


Methods to measure multivariate data:Principal Component Analysis (PCA) andLinear Discriminant Analysis (LDA)Chitwood & Sinha, 2016Click to link out to interactive explanation of PCA:http://setosa.io/ev/principal-component-analysis/By Victor Powell (@vicapow, Berkeley)and Lewis Lehe (@LewisLehe, Berkeley)

There are many ways to measure shape:All methods are comprehensive,but theyre not equivalent

LandmarksElliptical Fourier DescriptorsChitwood & Sinha, 2016

Discriminatinggenetic & developmentalshapes in single leavesChanges in leaf shapebetween seasonsfrom the same vinesMorphometrics of grapevine leavesChitwood et al. (2016a) New Phytolwith Laura Klein and Allison Miller!Chitwood et al. (2016b) Plant Physiolwith Danforth undergrad REUs Darren Li, Susan Rundell, Quaneisha Woodford, and Tommy Yu!

Homologous landmarks:On every grape leaf






Homologous landmarks:Species differences

ShootbaseShoottipLeaf numberDevelopmental stageUnequal expansionDifferent leaf typesHomologous landmarks:Species differences manifest in adevelopmental context

ShootbaseShoottipLeaf numberDevelopmental stageUnequal expansionDifferent leaf types

Homologous landmarks:Species differences manifest in adevelopmental context

ShootbaseShoottipLeaf numberDevelopmental stageUnequal expansionDifferent leaf typesHomologous landmarks:Species differences manifest in adevelopmental context

Evolutionary vs. developmental pathsin the leaf morphospace

Species effects

Evolutionary vs. developmental pathsin the leaf morphospace

Developmental effects

Species can be predictedindependently from development

Development can be predictedindependently from species

Discriminatinggenetic & developmentalshapes in single leavesChanges in leaf shapebetween seasonsfrom the same vinesMorphometrics of grapevine leavesChitwood et al. (2016a) New Phytolwith Laura Klein and Allison Miller!Chitwood et al. (2016b) Plant Physiolwith undergrad REUs Darren Li, Susan Rundell, Quaneisha Woodford, and Tommy Yu!

Vein landmarks more sensitive to development

Vein landmarks more sensitive to development

Genetic & developmental morphospace




Discriminating leaves from different years:Same vines, same developmental stages

Discriminating leaves from different years:Same vines, same developmental stages

Climate interannual variability:2014/15 was colder & drier than 2012/13

Climate interannual variability:2014/15 was colder & drier than 2012/13

Climate interannual variability:Plasticity and evolutionary changes in leaf shape go in the same direction?

Measuring future climates (hopefully):To California, wine grapes, and rootstocks!

Thanks!Chitwood LabViktoriya ConevaMargaret Frank

Danforth REU undergradsDarren Li (WashU)Susan Rundell (Yale)Quaneisha Woodford (Fort Valley State)Tommy Yu (WashU)Danny Greenblatt (high school student)

Miller Lab (Saint Louis University)Laura KleinRegan OHanlonSteven ChackoMatthew GregCassandra Kitchen

University of Northern IowaJulie KangJose Lopez

University of South DakotaAnne Fennel

USDA Geneva, NYJason Londo

Missouri StateLaszlo Kovacs

MizzouArianna BozzoloMisha Kwasniewski

E&J Gallo WineryPeter Cousins

What the shapes of grapevine leaves tell us about ancient and future climates

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