What percent of the earth is covered in water or land?
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Transcript of What percent of the earth is covered in water or land?
What percent of the earth is covered in water or land?
What percent of the earth’s water is salty or fresh?
Ocean Salinity
World Ocean Facts – which ocean is the biggest?
Area(1,000,000
km²)
Volume(1,000,000
km³)
Average Depth
(m)
Maximum Depth
(m)
Atlantic Ocean
82.4 323.6 3926 9200
Pacific Ocean
165.2 707.6 4282 11,022
Indian Ocean 73.4 291.0 3963 7460
Arctic Ocean 14.1 17.0 1205 4300
HW: What makes the ocean salty?
• Think about why the highest salinity is found near equator.
Lab Inquiry:
• How does temperature and salinity affect the density of ocean water?
Oceanic Circulation
Aim: Why causes the currents in the ocean?
Vocabulary
• Salinity• Density• Upwelling• Gyre• Currents• Thermal Expansion• Coriolis• Global Winds
Why is Ocean Circulation Important?
a. Transport ~ 20% of latitudinal heat between Equator and poles
b. Transport nutrients and organisms
c. Influences weather and climate
d. Influences commerce
e. Pollution is transported
2 kinds of circulation:
a. Surface driven currents are wind-driven and occur in the uppermost 100 m or less of ocean
b. Deep ocean currents are caused by density changes due to salinity and temperature differences. These currents produce very slow flows in deeper waters.
c. Other forces affecting currents: Coriolis effect, friction, gravity, thermal expansion, geologic shape of ocean basin and landmasses
• How fast? A few miles/hr (Gulf Stream off of Miami = 4.5 mph) How much? Total water in
ocean surface circulation = about 100 Amazon Rivers (20
million m3/s).
N. Atlantic Gyre
S. Atlantic Gyre
N. Pacific Gyre
S. Pacific GyreIndian Ocean
Gyre
Antarctic Circumpolar Current
Gyres are large circular-moving loops of water Five main gyres (one in each ocean basin):
• North Pacific• South Pacific• North Atlantic• South Atlantic• Indian
• Generally 4 currents in each gyre• Centered about 30o north or south
latitude
Current Gyres
ESRT Surface Ocean Currents pg. 4
• Color the war currents red and the cool currents blue
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PAQos8COqYI&feature=player_embedded
Surface Currents are created by:
1. Global Winds
2. Coriolis Effect
3. Solar Heating (temperature, density)
Global Winds pg. 14 ESRT Surface currents of ocean generally mirror
atmospheric circulation (wind) patterns
equator
Quito
Buffalo
79oW
North Pole
South Pole
N
Quito
Buffalo
equa
tor
Buffalo moves 783 mphQuito moves 1036 mph
15o
The Coriolis effect on Earth• As Earth
rotates, different latitudes travel at different speeds
• The change in speed with latitude causes the Coriolis effect
Coriolis Effect
a. The rotation of Earth causes a deflection (curve) of the winds and waters of the Earth.
• In Northern Hemisphere, curvature is to right - clockwise
• In Southern Hemisphere, curvature is to left – counterclockwise
b. Effect lessens at
equator and increases at poles
• Visualization of the Coriolis effect:• http://
www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es1904/es1904page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization
• Wind:• http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_s
cience/terc/content/visualizations/es1905/es1905page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization
A) Idealized winds generated by air pressure differences and Coriolis Force. B) Actual wind patterns affected by land mass distribution..
Ocean Circulation & Global Winds
Sea Surface Temperature
Thermal expansion
• Solar radiation heats the water at equator more than the poles
• Warm water expands and cool water contracts, creating a water bulge at the equator
• Gravity pulls warmer water “downhill” toward cooler water
Ocean Salinity
Increased evaporation near the equator makes the water saltier.
Global ocean circulation that is driven by differences in the density of the sea water which is controlled by temperature and salinity.
Thermohaline Circulation - The Ocean Conveyor
Equatorial to polar heat transport and water flow
LINKS:
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w_8mw-1HYFg
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nAq9LXLXISk
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rR5TFWNLtOc&feature=related
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=boiFoSRq1BM&feature=related
What do Nike shoes, rubber ducks, and hockey gloves have to do with currents?
Lost at Sea
2004-2007 Barber’s Point
• “Great Pacific Garbage Patch”
• Estimate: 46,000 pieces of floating garbage/mi2.
North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
135° to 155°W and 35° to 42°N
North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
http://marinedebris.noaa.gov/info/patch.html#6
Great Pacific Garbage Patch- Good Morning America 2010 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uLrVCI4N67M&feature=player_embedded
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FrAShtolieg&feature=related