What new invention What new invention allowed the spreading of allowed the spreading of

Renaissance ideas to Renaissance ideas to other parts of northern other parts of northern

Europe?Europe?

What new invention What new invention allowed the spreading of allowed the spreading of

Renaissance ideas to Renaissance ideas to other parts of northern other parts of northern

Europe?Europe? The Printing Press

The Printing PressThe Printing PressThe Printing PressThe Printing Press 1445--Johann Gutenberg

invented printing press with moveable type (Mainz, Germany)

precursors: rise of schools & literacy (demand for books); invention of cheap paper

by 1500, printing presses running in more than 200 cities in Europe and over 15 million books in circulation

The printing press made possible the diffusion of Renaissance learning, but no book stimulated thought more at this time than did the Bible. With Gutenberg’s publication of a printed Bible in 1454, scholars gained access to a dependable, standardized text, so Scripture could be discussed and debated as never before.This item is reproduced by permission of The Huntington Library, San Marino, California

What effect did the printing What effect did the printing press have on the Renaissance press have on the Renaissance

and its people?and its people?

What effect did the printing What effect did the printing press have on the Renaissance press have on the Renaissance

and its people?and its people? rulers in church & state now had to

deal with more educated, critical public; also powerful tool of religious/political propaganda

Cheaper books led to a more literate public

Bible printed in many languageseasier access for the laity Precursor to Reformationno need for

priest to read God’s words

Other than the printing Other than the printing press, how else did the press, how else did the

ideas and art of the ideas and art of the Renaissance spread to Renaissance spread to

Europe?Europe?

Other than the printing Other than the printing press, how else did the press, how else did the

ideas and art of the ideas and art of the Renaissance spread to Renaissance spread to

Europe?Europe?

The Spread of the Renaissance

The Spread of the Renaissance

A series of battles between French, Spanish, and Italian city-states led to the spread of ideas and values

Teachers migrated out of Italy Students returned to home country

after studying in Italy European merchants penetrated into

Italy Christian missionaries traveled

Europe

Christian HumanismChristian HumanismChristian HumanismChristian Humanism Focus of movement: Sources of reform:

Summary statement:

Leaders of the Northern Leaders of the Northern RenaissanceRenaissance

Leaders of the Northern Leaders of the Northern RenaissanceRenaissance

Sir Thomas More Erasmus

Christian Humanism & Reform

Christian Humanism & Reform northern humanists: more interested than

Italians in religious reform & educating laity Emphasized study of the Bible and church

fathers More interested in providing guidance on

personal behavior, less materialistic, and focused on questions of morality and ethics

Emphasized education A “need to know society” in the North A number of new universities established in

the 1400s in the North, BUT none in Italy Power of humans to reform institutions

(Church) and moral behaviorreteach Many will become leaders of Reformation

Leaders of Northern Humanism

Leaders of Northern Humanism

Thomas More (England)—wrote Utopia (“nowhere”) described a perfect society free of war, poverty, and intolerance Utopia possible by

following Christian ideals

Executed by King Henry VIII

Erasmus (Dutch)Erasmus (Dutch)Erasmus (Dutch)Erasmus (Dutch) most influential northern

humanist—educational and religious reformer

Translated Greek and Latin versions of Bible for “purer” version

In Praise of Folly—satirizes clergy’s worldly ambitions

Emphasized tolerance and education

Wanted reform of church, not abandonment like Luther

Humanism & ReformHumanism & ReformHumanism & ReformHumanism & Reform, Catholic humanist reformers pave the way

for Protestantism, Desiderius Erasmus (1466–1536): most

famous northern humanist; Catholic educational & religious reformer

, Germany: Reuchlin controversy—humanists defend Christian scholar of Judaism on grounds of academic freedom

, England: Thomas More (1478–1535), best-known English humanist; Utopia (1516)

, France: Guillaume Budé, Jacques Lefèvre, Spain: humanism in service of Catholic

Church; Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros: Grand Inquisitor, founder of University of Alcalá, biblical scholar

Renaissance Art in Renaissance Art in Northern EuropeNorthern Europe

Renaissance Art in Renaissance Art in Northern EuropeNorthern Europe

No. Europe change was driven by religious reform, the return to Christian values, and the revolt against the authority of the Church.

Tendency toward realism & naturalism [less emphasis on the “classical ideal”].

Interest in landscapes. More emphasis on middle-class and peasant

life. Great skill in portraiture. More princes & kings were patrons of

artists.

, Turn of 16th century, heart of European progress

, Thriving economycentral trade routes

, Towns sprouted, grew, and traded, Banking expanded:

The Fuggers and other German families controlled more capital than all the Italian bankers and other Europeans combined

Lucas Cranach the Elder Lucas Cranach the Elder (1472-1553)(1472-1553)

Lucas Cranach the Elder Lucas Cranach the Elder (1472-1553)(1472-1553)

, Court painter at Wittenberg from 1505-1553.

, His best portraits were of Martin Luther (to the left).

Lucas Cranach the ElderLucas Cranach the ElderLucas Cranach the ElderLucas Cranach the Elder

Old Man with a Young Old Man with a Young WomanWoman

Amorous Old Woman with Amorous Old Woman with a Young Mana Young Man

Matthias Grünewald’s Matthias Grünewald’s The The CrucifixionCrucifixion, 1502, 1502

Matthias Grünewald’s Matthias Grünewald’s The The CrucifixionCrucifixion, 1502, 1502

Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528)Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528)Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528)Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528), The greatest of

German artists., A scholar as well as

an artist., His patron was the

Emperor Maximilian I., Also a scientist

Wrote books on geometry, fortifications, and human proportions.

, Self-conscious individualism of the Renaissance is seen in his portraits.

, Self-Portrait at 26, 1498.

Dürer – Dürer – Self-Portrait in Fur-Self-Portrait in Fur-Collared RobeCollared Robe, 1500, 1500Dürer – Dürer – Self-Portrait in Fur-Self-Portrait in Fur-Collared RobeCollared Robe, 1500, 1500

Dürer Dürer

The Last The Last SupperSupper

woodcut, woodcut, 15101510

Dürer Dürer

The Last The Last SupperSupper

woodcut, woodcut, 15101510

Durer – Durer – The Triumphal ArchThe Triumphal Arch, , 1515-15171515-1517

Durer – Durer – The Triumphal ArchThe Triumphal Arch, , 1515-15171515-1517

Dürer Dürer

FourFourHorsemenHorsemen

of theof theApocalypsApocalyps

ee

woodcut, woodcut, 14981498

Dürer Dürer

FourFourHorsemenHorsemen

of theof theApocalypsApocalyps

ee

woodcut, woodcut, 14981498

, Renaissance fostered by the reign of Elizabeth I (1558—1603)

, Intense nationalism gave birth to the Elizabethan Age

, William Shakespeare (1564—1616) reflected the influence of dramatists of the ancient world and Italian writersSet the standard for the

English language

Hans Holbein, the Younger Hans Holbein, the Younger (1497-1543)(1497-1543)

Hans Holbein, the Younger Hans Holbein, the Younger (1497-1543)(1497-1543)

, One of the great German artists who did most of his work in England.

, While in Basel, he befriended Erasmus. Erasmus Writing, 1523

, Henry VIII was his patron

from 1536., Great portraitist noted

for: Objectivity &

detachment. Doesn’t conceal the

weaknesses of his subjects.

Artist to the TudorsArtist to the TudorsArtist to the TudorsArtist to the Tudors

Henry VIII (left), 1540 Henry VIII (left), 1540 and the future Edward and the future Edward VI (above), 1543.VI (above), 1543.

Holbein’s, Holbein’s, The The AmbassadorsAmbassadors, 1533, 1533

Holbein’s, Holbein’s, The The AmbassadorsAmbassadors, 1533, 1533

A SkullA Skull

Multiple PerspectivesMultiple PerspectivesMultiple PerspectivesMultiple Perspectives

The English Were More The English Were More Interested in Architecture Interested in Architecture

than Paintingthan Painting

The English Were More The English Were More Interested in Architecture Interested in Architecture

than Paintingthan Painting

Hardwick Hall, designed by Robert Smythson in the Hardwick Hall, designed by Robert Smythson in the 1590s, for the Duchess of Shrewsbury [more 1590s, for the Duchess of Shrewsbury [more

medieval in style].medieval in style].

Burghley House for William Burghley House for William CecilCecil

Burghley House for William Burghley House for William CecilCecil

The largest & grandest house The largest & grandest house of the early Elizabethan era.of the early Elizabethan era.

, French monarchy renewed commerce after 100 Years’ Warexpanded the middle class

, The bourgeoisie provided an ample source of revenue for the royal treasury

, The taille (a direct head tax on all land and property) strengthened the finances of the royal treasury

, Renaissance takes hold in France in mid-1500s

Jean Clouet – Jean Clouet – Portrait of Portrait of Francis IFrancis I, 1525, 1525

Jean Clouet – Jean Clouet – Portrait of Portrait of Francis IFrancis I, 1525, 1525

The School of The School of FontainebleauFontainebleauThe School of The School of FontainebleauFontainebleau

, Gallery [right] by Rosso Fiorentino & Francesco Primaticcio

, 1528-1537

Germain Pilon (1525-1590)Germain Pilon (1525-1590)Germain Pilon (1525-1590)Germain Pilon (1525-1590)

, The Deposition of Christ, Bronze, 1580-1585.

, Became of the center of banking and commerce

, Wealthier society placed importance on knowledge and art

Van Eyck -Van Eyck -Adoration of the Adoration of the LambLamb, , Ghent Altarpiece, 1432Ghent Altarpiece, 1432Van Eyck -Van Eyck -Adoration of the Adoration of the

LambLamb, , Ghent Altarpiece, 1432Ghent Altarpiece, 1432

Van Eyck:Van Eyck:

The The CrucifixionCrucifixion

&&

The Last The Last JudgmentJudgment 1420-14251420-1425

Van Eyck:Van Eyck:

The The CrucifixionCrucifixion

&&

The Last The Last JudgmentJudgment 1420-14251420-1425

Giovanni Giovanni Arnolfini Arnolfini and His and His

WifeWife

(Wedding (Wedding Portrait)Portrait)

Jan Van Jan Van

EyckEyck

14341434

Jan van EyckJan van Eyck - Giovanni - Giovanni Arnolfini & His WifeArnolfini & His Wife

(details)(details)

Jan van EyckJan van Eyck - Giovanni - Giovanni Arnolfini & His WifeArnolfini & His Wife

(details)(details)

Rogier van der Weyden Rogier van der Weyden (1399-1464)(1399-1464)

Rogier van der Weyden Rogier van der Weyden (1399-1464)(1399-1464)

The The DepositioDepositio

nn

1435 1435

van der Weyden’s van der Weyden’s DepositionDeposition (details) (details)van der Weyden’s van der Weyden’s

DepositionDeposition (details) (details)

Quentin Massys (1465-Quentin Massys (1465-1530)1530)

Quentin Massys (1465-Quentin Massys (1465-1530)1530)

, Belonged to the humanist circle in Antwerp that included Erasmus.

, Influenced by da Vinci.

, Thomas More called him “the renovator of the old art.”

, The Ugly Dutchess, 1525-1530

Massys’ Massys’ The Moneylender & The Moneylender & His WifeHis Wife, 1514, 1514

Massys’ Massys’ The Moneylender & The Moneylender & His WifeHis Wife, 1514, 1514

Bruegel’s, Bruegel’s, Tower of BabelTower of Babel, , 15631563

Bruegel’s, Bruegel’s, Tower of BabelTower of Babel, , 15631563

Bruegel’s, Bruegel’s, Mad MegMad Meg, 1562, 1562Bruegel’s, Bruegel’s, Mad MegMad Meg, 1562, 1562

Bruegel’s, Bruegel’s, The BeggarsThe Beggars, , 15681568

Bruegel’s, Bruegel’s, The BeggarsThe Beggars, , 15681568

Bruegel’s, Bruegel’s, Parable of the Parable of the Blind Leading the BlindBlind Leading the Blind, 1568, 1568

Bruegel’s, Bruegel’s, Parable of the Parable of the Blind Leading the BlindBlind Leading the Blind, 1568, 1568

Bruegel’s, Bruegel’s, Niederlandisch Niederlandisch ProverbsProverbs, 1559, 1559

Bruegel’s, Bruegel’s, Niederlandisch Niederlandisch ProverbsProverbs, 1559, 1559

Bruegel’s, Bruegel’s, The Triumph of The Triumph of DeathDeath, 1562, 1562

Bruegel’s, Bruegel’s, The Triumph of The Triumph of DeathDeath, 1562, 1562

Bruegel’s, Bruegel’s, Hunters in the Hunters in the SnowSnow, 1565, 1565

Bruegel’s, Bruegel’s, Hunters in the Hunters in the SnowSnow, 1565, 1565

Bruegel’s, Bruegel’s, Winter SceneWinter Scene, , 15651565

Bruegel’s, Bruegel’s, Winter SceneWinter Scene, , 15651565

Bruegel’s, Bruegel’s, The HarvestersThe Harvesters, , 15651565

Bruegel’s, Bruegel’s, The HarvestersThe Harvesters, , 15651565

SpainSpainSpainSpain

, Did not receive the Renaissance as openly due the Church’s apprehension to new ideas.

, Spain’s xenophobia (fear of foreigners) limited the flow of Renaissance ideas

, Miguel de Cervantes wrote Don QuixoteSatirized glorification of chivalry and

medieval institutions