What lies beneath? Diving into the pre-history of OER

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1980 2012 2010 2008 2006 2004 2002 2000 1998 1996 1994 1982 1980 2012 2010 2008 2006 2004 2002 2000 1998 1996 1994 1982 What lies beneath? Diving in to the prehistory of OER Wyland, USFWS/ CC BY 2.0 Sheila MacNeill – CETIS [email protected] @sheilmcn David Kernohan – JISC [email protected] @dkernohan

description

Presentation by David Kernohan and Sheila MacNeill at OpenEd 2012 (http://openedconference.org/2012/program/archive-of-sessions/day-2/day2-1120-c400/)

Transcript of What lies beneath? Diving into the pre-history of OER

Page 1: What lies beneath? Diving into the pre-history of OER

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What  lies  beneath?  Diving  in  to  the  pre-­‐history  of  OER  

Wyland,  USFWS/CC  BY  2.0  

Sheila  MacNeill  –  CETIS  [email protected]  @sheilmcn  

David  Kernohan  –  JISC  [email protected]  @dkernohan  

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...because  it  is  a  story  that  needs  to  be  told  and  because  a  greater  understanding  of  the  past  can  inform  our  visions  of  the  future.  

...  because  where  we  come  from  and  who  we  are  maXer.  

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“diyU”  

“RLO

”  

“com

mon

s”  

“educa\on  is  broken”  large  scale  replacement  of  current  structures.  

start-­‐ups  disrup\ve  

techno-­‐determinis\c  automa\on  

standardisa\on  new  tools,  pla]orms  

open  web  freedom  

licences,  sharing.  using  exis\ng  tools.  

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diyu  

rlo  

commons  

The  “open  educa\on”  movement  

xMOOCs   social  sharing  

iTunesU  

marke\ng  

open  prac\ce  

PLE  learning  analy\cs  

rethinking  HE  

repositories  

cMOOCs  

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University Grants Commission Computer Board

TLTSN

CETLs

Wells  Report  1973  Nelson Review 1982

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Computers  in  Teaching  Ini\a\ve  (CTI)  

“[To]  evaluate  the  educa0onal  poten0al  of  IT  in  university  teaching;  raise  the  level  of  awareness  of  IT  among  academics  and  students;  promote  the  development  of  computer-­‐mediated  training  and  learning”  

As  cited  in  Hicks  et  Al,  “A  Computer-­‐Based  System  For  Electronic  Design  Educa\on”,  Interna\onal  Journal  of  Engineering  Educa\on,  (Volume  13,  Number  1  -­‐  1997)  hXp://www.ijee.ie/ar\cles/999979/ar\cle.htm    

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TLTP  and  content  

“Transportability  of  courseware  was  enhanced  when  the  use  of  technology  was  rela0vely  unsophis0cated,  intended  to  support  and  complement  teachers  and  tutors  rather  than  to  offer  a  subs0tute.  [...]  The  tendency  for  TLTP  projects  to  concentrate  on  first  year  courses,  where  introductory  material  is  more  likely  to  be  common,  supports  this  judgement.”  TLTP  interim  evalua\on  

hXp://www.hefce.ac.uk/pubs/hefce/1996/m21_96.htm    

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TLTP  and  content  

“Whilst  accep0ng  the  principle  that  the  courseware  produced  through  TLTP  should  be  free  to  all  HEIs  within  the  UK,  we  believe  that  this  approach  has  not  proved  conducive  to  effec0ve  dissemina0on.  This  approach  appears  to  have  dampened  the  desire  of  a  number  of  projects  to  put  much  effort  into  dissemina0on  in  the  UK  because  there  would  be  few  returns  to  the  investment.  Many  of  our  interviewees  have  ques0oned  how  the  product  can  be  maintained  in  the  long  term  without  being  able  to  charge  for  it.”  TLTP  interim  evalua\on  

hXp://www.hefce.ac.uk/pubs/hefce/1996/m21_96.htm    

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The  Dearing  Report  1997  

“We  are  also  aware  that  students  will  need  access  to  high  quality  networked  desktop  computers  that  permit  the  use  of  the  latest  mul0-­‐media  teaching  materials  and  other  applica0ons.”  

Report  of  the  Na\onal  CommiXee  of  Inquiry  into  Higher  Educa\on,  hXp://www.leeds.ac.uk/educol/ncihe/  

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Learning  and  Teaching  Support  Network  (LTSN)  

“The  "not  invented  here"  syndrome  has  prevailed  for  too  long,  and  we  can  no  longer  afford  to  con0nue  to  spurn  prac0ces  and  developments  conceived  in  other  ins0tu0ons  or  subjects  that  are  clearly  transferable.”  Cliff  Allen  in  the  Times  Higher  Educa\on  Supplement,  13  October  2000  (hXp://www.\meshighereduca\on.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=153788&sec\oncode=26  )  

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Late  ‘90s  –  FDTL  and  5/99  

“[JISC’s  5/99  programme]  arose  from  a  need  to  integrate  learning  environments  with  the  wider  informa0on  landscape  aimed  at  increasing  the  use  of  online  electronic  resources”  hXp://www.jisc.ac.uk/whatwedo/programmes/learningteaching.aspx    

“[FDTL  was  designed  to]  encourage  the  dissemina0on  of  good  teaching  and  learning  prac0ce  across  the  higher  educa0on  sector.”  hXp://www.hefce.ac.uk/pubs/hefce/1997/r1_97.htm    

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Meanwhile,  in  the  rest  of  the  world...  

[Reusable]  Learning  Objects  (Hodgins,  1994)  

but,  also:  

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The  RLO  dream  

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X4L  

•  “use  and  develop  the  best  available  tools  to  explore  whether  repurposing  content  can  become  a  popular,  sustainable  way  of  producing  e-­‐learning  materials  for  the  future;  ‘  

•  increase  the  numbers  of  people  in  ins0tu0ons  with  the  necessary  skills  to  repurpose  learning  objects;    

•  expose  and  begin  to  tackle  the  challenges  associated  with  repurposing  learning  objects;  and    

•  begin  to  populate  a  na0onal  repository  with  learning  materials  as  well  as  case  studies  and  exemplars  showing  how  these  have  been  achieved.”  

hXp://www.jisc.ac.uk/whatwedo/programmes/x4l.aspx  

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X4L  and  beyond  

Focus  on  Access  to  Ins\tu\onal  Resources  (FAIR)  programme  

“X4L  has  demonstrated  that  the  principal  benefits  of  reuse  and  repurposing  are  generally  understood  and  accepted  in  the  communi0es  involved  in  the  programme.  However,  the  concept  of  reusable  learning  objects  is  s0ll  not  proven  or  generally  accepted  in  mainstream  prac0ce  across  the  FE  and  HE  sectors.  That  said,  X4L  has  iden0fied  and  explored  many  of  the  key  barriers  to  reuse  and  repurposing,  including  the  pressures  of  0me  and  resource  constraints  on  staff,  concerns  about  professional  integrity  and  academic  independence,  cultural  resistance  to  sharing,  and  tensions  between  community  collabora0on  and  ins0tu0onal  compe00on.”  X4L  Impact  Report  hXp://www.jisc.ac.uk/media/documents/programmes/x4l/x4limpactreport_final.pdf    

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This  would  be  a  good  place  to  put  a  slide  \tle...  

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Also  in  2002...  

“Selling  content  for  profit,  or  trying  in  some  ways  to  commercialize  one  of  the  core  intellectual  ac0vi0es  of  the  university  [...]  seemed  less  a^rac0ve  to  people  at  a  deep  level  than  finding  ways  to  disseminate  it  as  broadly  as  possible.”  Steve  Lerman,  2002  

“This  is  a  natural  fit  to  what  the  Web  is  really  all  about,  [...]  We've  learned  this  lesson  over  and  over  again.  You  can't  have  0ght,  closed-­‐up  systems.  We've  tried  to  open  up  soaware  infrastructure  in  a  variety  of  ways  and  that's  what  unleashed  the  crea0vity  of  soaware  developers;  I  think  the  same  thing  can  happen  in  educa0on.”  Professor  Charles  Vest,  2002  

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OCW  –  responses  from  the  RLO  community  

“The  OCW  repositories  contain  courses  with  more  or  less  the  same  structure:  a  syllabus,  that  describes  the  course,  its  aims  and  expected  outcomes,  a  calendar  and  lecture  notes.  Few  courses  include  mul0media  resources  such  as  audio  files  and  PowerPoint  presenta0ons.  These  repositories  are  in  many  ways  sta0c,  and  since  they  cannot  be  easily  integrated  into  systems  where  students  can  engage  in  discussions,  or  par0cipate  in  ac0vi0es,  their  learning  poten0al  is  limited.  [...]The  learning  content  needs  to  be  converted  to  new  standards-­‐compliant  formats”

hXp://www.ascilite.org.au/conferences/sydney06/proceeding/pdf_papers/p128.pdf    

“We  hope  that  by  enabling  self-­‐organiza0on  among  large  groups  and  organically  growing  site  features  as  needed  by  the  community  we  are  able  to  demonstrate  successful  teaching  and  learning  interac0ons  within  a  very  large,  academically  focused,  self-­‐organized  group.”  Open  Learning  Support  (Wiley  2004)  

hXp://www.opencontent.org/docs/soc-­‐n-­‐scale.html    

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OCW  –  the  UK  response  

Open  University  

Nosngham  University  

JISC  RePRODUCE  Programme  

&  early  discussions  between  JISC,  CETIS,  HEFCE  and  the  Higher  Educa\on  Academy  

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This  would  be  a  good  place  to  put  a  slide  \tle...  

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UKOER  phase  1  

UKOER  phase  2  

UKOER  phase  3,  JISC  Digitisation  &  Content…  

E&S  report  OER  infokit  OER  use  case  studies  OER  use  report  Student  use  of  OER  lit.  review  

E&S  report  OER  infokit  

E&S  report  OER  infokit  Open  Practice  briefing  OER  and  Online  Learning  Technical  studies  Case  studies  of  activity  

UKOER  -­‐  The  first  three  years  

Support:  CETIS  technical  support,  OER  IPR  support,  E&S  wiki  Social  Media:  #ukoer  ,  @ukoer  ,  blogging.    

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This  would  be  a  good  place  to  put  a  slide  \tle...  

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This  would  be  a  good  place  to  put  a  slide  \tle...  

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The  Higher  Educa\on  Bubble?  

“Change  rumbles  like  a  seismic  wave  from  the  basements  of  the  ivory  tower,  and  the  schoolhouse  down  your  block.  The  demand  for  access  to  both  exis0ng  and  new  models  of  learning  is  rising  as  uncontrollably  as  the  average  temperature  throughout  the  globe.  The  tradi0onal  educa0onal  ecosystem  is  edging  toward  collapse.  Fiay  million  university  students  in  2000  will  grow  to  250  million  by  2025.  The  graph  of  educa0onal  costs  is  a  hockey  s0ck–headed  straight  up”  Anya  Kamenetz  hXp://diyubook.com/2010/12/revised-­‐intro-­‐to-­‐drumbeat-­‐book/     ““A  true  bubble  is  when  something  is  overvalued  

and  intensely  believed,”  he  says.  “Educa0on  may  be  the  only  thing  people  s0ll  believe  in  the  United  States.  To  ques0on  educa0on  is  really  dangerous.  It  is  the  absolute  taboo.  It’s  like  telling  the  world  there’s  no  Santa  Claus.”“

http://techcrunch.com/2011/04/10/peter-thiel-were-in-a-bubble-and-its-not-the-internet-its-higher-education/

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The  Higher  Educa\on  Bubble  –  OER  reflects  

Learner  Analy\cs  Use/Discoverability  Quality  Assurance  Interac\vity  Peer  Support  MITOCW  -­‐>  MITx  WikiEducator  -­‐>  OERu  ...  The  “m”  word  

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diyu  

rlo  

commons  

The  “open  educa\on”  movement  

xMOOCs   social  sharing  

iTunesU  

marke\ng  

open  prac\ce  

PLE  learning  analy\cs  

rethinking  HE  

repositories  

cMOOCs  

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xMOOCs  

social  sharing  

iTunesU  

marke\ng   open  prac\ce  

PLE  

learning  analy\cs  

rethinking  HE  

repositories  

cMOOCs  

?  

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“And  then  one  day  you  find    Ten  years  have  got  behind  you    No  one  told  you  when  to  run    You  missed  the  star0ng  gun...”  

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Further  reading  –  technology  in  UKOER  

Technology  for  Open  Educa\onal  Resources:  Into  the  Wild.    Reflec\ons  on  three  years  of  the  UK  OER  Programmes:  

hXp://www.booki.cc/oer-­‐tech/  hXp://blogs.ce\s.ac.uk/othervoices/2012/02/13/open-­‐

educa\onal-­‐resources-­‐\meline/  

hXp://blogs.ce\s.ac.uk/lmc/2010/04/16/then-­‐and-­‐now  hXp://wiki.ce\s.ac.uk/Open_Educa\onal_Resources  

hXp://jisc.ce\s.ac.uk/topic/oer  

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Further  reading  :  UKOER  

OER  Impact  Study(Masterman  &  Wild,  2011)  

Evalua\on/Synthesis  Wiki  (Beetham,  McGill,  Falconer,  LiXlejohn  et  al,  2009-­‐2012)  

OER  Infokit  (JISC  Infonet)  

Open  Educa\on  Resources  –  a  historical  perspec\ve  (Kernohan  and  Thomas  ,2012)