What lasting solutions to desertification - land degration issues lecture in windhoek
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Transcript of What lasting solutions to desertification - land degration issues lecture in windhoek
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
Luc GNACADJA Executive Secretary Luc GNACADJA
Executive Secretary Publc Lecture
Windhoek, 25 July 2013
What lasting Solutions?
Land Degradation Desertification
and Drought issues
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
Luc GNACADJA Executive Secretary
Land Degradation Desertification
and Drought issues
Outline 1). Land as a stategic commodity in the Nexus of Poverty-Food-Energy-Water 2). Understanding Land degradation, Desertification and Drought 3). The UNCCD from Rio Summit (1992) to Rio+20 4). Land-degradation neutral world: a holistic framework for lasting solutions? 5). The reasons for hope
Land is a strategic commodity in the nexus issues of: Poverty - Food & Water security - Energy access
Deforestation: 70 to 80 % of expansion of cropland expansion
Land & Sustainability
? Sustainable
Development
Land/Soil
Poverty Food security
Energy Water
70% rural
80% hunger rural +50% in 2030 + 120 million ha
Water in Agric 70% in 2030 +30%
in 2030 +45%
Estimated Cropland expansion by 2030 for food, feed and fuel demand 175 to 220 Mha Urbanization: 3 Mha/year
Land: a scarce resource & a global Common
75%
14% 9%
3% Water
Mountains, deserts, ice
Rocky, wet, hot, infertile areas, roads or cities Arable land
Land Degradation/Desertification: Earth’s skin disease
Deforestation Overgrazing Agriculture
BioIndustries
The Causes of Land Degradation/Desertification
Desertification?
The legacy of DLDD
75%
14% 9% 3% Water
Mountains, deserts, ice
Rocky, wet, hot, infertile areas, roads or cities
q LD is accelerating: Total land area degraded 15% in 1991 to 25% in 2011
q More than 50% of agricultural moderately to severely degraded
q LD directly affects 1,5 billion people globally (2008)
q 24 billion tons of fertile soil lost/year due to cropland erosion
q 12 million ha/Year lost due to drought and desertification
q Six million km2 of drylands bear a legacy of desertification
q Biodiversity: 27,000 species lost each year due to Land Degradation (LD)
q 70 to 80 % of expansion of cropland leads to deforestation
Africa & DLDD issues
§ Dry lands (including arid, semi-‐arid or sub-‐humid areas) account for: § 43% of land area § 50% of popula@on § 75% of agriculture land
§ About 75% of Africa’s poor (living on less than $1.25/day) are in countries with dry land populaEon > 25% of total populaEon
Africa’s Land: § Highest producEvity Gap & § Highest Poverty rate
Source: (CGIAR) -‐ Zomer et al. (2007) and Zomer et al. (2008) based on WorldClim
Desertification Risk & Vulnerability in Africa
Desertification Vulnerability in Africa Published in: P.F. Reich, S.T. Numbem, R.A. Almaraz and H. Eswaran , 2001
Risk of human-induced desertification
Risk of human-induced desertification
2/3 of Africa’s arable land under use could be lost by 2025 if the
trend of Desertification and Land Degradation
continues (FAO 2009)
Extreme Poverty
Increased to Drought & Water stress
Food insecurity & Hunger
Biodiversity Loss
Increased emissions of
GHG
Environ. induced
Migrations Instability &
Crises Deforestation DLDD has far-reaching impacts/conseguences
DLDD & Linkages to other global issues
Adult female literacy declining with increasing levels of aridity in West Africa
DLDD & Gender
Child mortality increasing with land degradation
Drylands & Conflicts
Drought Disasters
Map of drought repartition were we can see that Africa, India, United states, Australia are the most affected by drought. For example Africa was exposed in some parts to up to nine droughts in the time span
Sahel: Seasonal Temperature trends
Sahel Hotpots of change
Namibia: Drought & Food insecurity
Drought potential worldwide 2000-2098
Source : University Corporation for Atmospheric Research - http://www2.ucar.edu/news/2904/climate-change-drought-may-threaten-much-globe-within-decades
Rio Summit 1992 Addressing drylands specific challenges:
" Environment & Development Convention " Entered into force on 26 December 1996 " Ratified by 195 Parties " 5 geographical Annexes (RAPs and
SRAPs) " 113 National Action Programmes (NAPs) " 168 Affected Parties (from 110)
The UNCCD
Challenges in implementing the UNCCD
q Low political recognition & mainstreaming
q Weak scientific basis
q Lack of understanding of the impacts of Desertification/Land Degradation
q Inadequate financing
q Drylands are waste lands, marginal lands with low productivity & low adaptive capacity
q Where poverty is inevitable
q Little contribution to national prosperity
q Cannot yield good return to investments
The real value of Drylands
" +1/3 of the world land mass and population
" 44% of the World’s food production system
" 50% of the World’s livestock
" Dry forest made 42% of the earth's tropical and subtropical open or closed forests
" Home to the world’s largest diversity of mammals
Drylands: Assumptions & Real Value Assumptions & Misperceptions
U N C C D
To mobilize resources through building effective partnerships among all stakeholders
The UNCCD Strategy: A framework for result-based implementation
2To improve the Conditions of affected Ecosystems
To generate Global Benefits 3
1To improve the Livelihood of Affected Populations
*SLM = Sustainable Land Management
U N C C D
The Economics of LD
Cost of Action Vs Inaction
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
The Vision of a Land-
Degradation Neutral World
Major policy development from Rio+20 Summit
A holistic framework for lasting solutions to DLDD issues
DLDD in “The Future We Want” Outcomes (para 205-209)
1) DLDD are challenges of a global dimension and continue to pose serious challenges to the sustainable development of all countries
2) Strive to achieve a land-degradation neutral world 3) Monitor land degradation globally and restore restore
degraded (in drylands) in order to contribute to sustainable development and poverty eradication
4) To improve science and science-policy interface to addresss DLDD
5) Improve cooperation for information sharing and early warning systems
Global politics of responsibility for land stewardship In the context of the Post-2015 Global Dev. Agenda l A SDG on land
q ZNLD by 2030 q ZNFD by 2030 q NDMP by 2020
l Enhancing Human security: invest to improve the underperforming assets of the poor q Eradicating Poverty q Ensuring Food-Water-Energy security
Poverty eradication Improving livelihood
through pro-poor policies on Sustainable Land &
Water Management
Drought & Water stress Improving water
availability & quality through sustainable land
& water management
Food Security Preserving the resource base for food security – Land productivity/Soil fertility improvement at the core of all long term
strategies
Biodiversity Biodiversity conservation through improvement of
land ecosystems’ conditions
Climate change Land is a win-win context for adaptation, mitigation
& resilience building
Bio Energies Opportunities for Bio
energies through biomass production
Avoided Deforestation
SLM & Restoration of degraded Lands as an
alternative to Deforestation
Avoiding environ. Forced Migrations
Changing the “Degrade-Abandon-Migrate” or
DAM Paradigm
The Vision of a LDNW An integrated framework for Landscape approach
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
Luc GNACADJA Executive Secretary
The Reasons for Hope
Holistic Management
and Ecological
Restoration
Ecological Restoration
1955
2005 1975
Farmer-managed natural regeneration in Niger
l 5,000,000 ha re-greened in 20 years (only labour for protection, investment in extension, no recurrent costs to governments)
l 200 million new trees l additional cereal
production/year: 500,000 ton
l 2.5 million people fed l 1.25 million rural
households involved & l Resilient to climatic shocks
Challenges for scaling up and dissemination l Secure Land tenure and
Land use rights l Public investments on
infrastructures l Legislation
Ecological Restoration: Loess Plateau, China
Source: World Resources Institute, South Dakota State University, the IUCN and the Global Partnership on Forest Landscape Restoration - http://www.wri.org/map/global-map-forest-landscape-restoration-opportunities
“We also need to reward those who make drylands productive, so they will
prosper and others will seek to emulate their example”
Ban Ki-moon, on 17 June 2011
Thank you for taking action
A Historical Fact
Mankind is a Desert-making Species
Drought: from crises management to preparedness & risk management