What is the Survival of Adélie Penguins due to Climate Change: A Study on Population Dynamics
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What is the Survival of Adélie Penguins due to Climate
Change: A Study on Population Dynamics
By: Jessica Caton
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Introduction to Population Ecology
• What is a population?– A group of individuals of a single species
inhabiting a specific area (Molles 2010, p. 202)
– Size range from centimeters to millions of square kilometers
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Population Dynamics An area of population ecology concerned with
the factors influencing the expansion, decline, or maintenance of populations (Molles 2010, p. 222)
Why study population dynamics? – Saving endangered species – Controlling invasive species – Maintaining important populations– Growth of human population
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Antarctic Species of Interest:Adélie Penguin
(Pygoscelis adeliae) • Physical appearance:
– Medium-sized (2 feet tall), black and white – Angular head and tiny bill– White eyering – Longest feather on body is the tail
• Smallest penguin in Antarctica
• One of the pack ice Antarctic penguins
• Most numerous bird in Antarctica
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Adélie Penguins and Climate Change
• One of the best studied birds
• Changing population of species: numbers dropped a third
• Sea-ice decline, Adélie penguin populations decline
• Evolution of environmental instability?
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Life Tables A table that uses age specific
information to estimate important population dynamic traits on a population
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Types of Life Tables • Cohort Life Tables
(horizontal) • Static Life Tables
(vertical)
After reviewing both concepts click HERE
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Cohort Life Table Time
Cohort (horizontal)
A table based on individuals born at the same time (Molles 2010, p. 230)
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Static Life Table
•A life table constructed by recording the age at death of a large number of individuals•A snapshot of survival within a population during a short interval of time (Molles 2010, p. 231)
Time
Static (vertical)
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Data Collection for Life Table
Age (x) Nx Bx
0 16 02-4 8 05-7 5 28-10 2 4
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Age (x) Nx Bx
0 1000 0
1 186 0
2 58 690
3 34 465
4 22 314
5 12 201
6 5 87
7 2 35
8 0 0
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Age (x) Nx Bx lx mx lxmx xlxmx
0 1000 0 11 186 02 58 6903 34 4654 22 3145 12 2016 5 877 2 358 0 0
Total
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Age (x) Nx Bx lx mx lxmx xlxmx
0 1000 0 1 0 0 01 186 0 0.186 0 0 02 58 690 0.058 11.9 0.69 1.383 34 465 0.034 13.68 0.47 1.394 22 314 0.022 14.27 0.31 1.265 12 201 0.012 16.75 0.20 1.006 5 87 0.005 17.4 0.09 0.527 2 35 0.002 17.5 0.04 0.258 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 1.79 5.80R0 3.24
T
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Variables• X = Age• N = Population
size• B = Birth rate• l =
Survivorship• m = Average
offspring
• T= generation time
• r = per capita rate of increase
• R0 = Net reproductive rate
Calculations
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Interpreting• Age structure = NX
• Generation time = T (am I in your generation)
• Per capita rate of increase = r (-, 0, +)
• Net reproductive rate = R0 (0, <1, >1)
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Survival and Mortality in a Population of Adélie Penguins
(Ainley & DeMaster 1980)
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Survivorship Curve• A graphical summary of patterns of survival
in a population (Molles 2010, p. 231)
• Three types:– Type 1 = High mortality in
older individuals– Type 2 =Constant mortality rate– Type 3 =High mortality in juveniles
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Type 1
Survivorship Curve Home
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Type 2
Survivorship Curve Home
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Type 3
Survivorship Curve Home