What is the second generation? Terminology FB, arrived as children = 1.5 generation
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Transcript of What is the second generation? Terminology FB, arrived as children = 1.5 generation
Race at the Starting Gate: The Social and Economic Integration
of the New Second Generation
by Monica Boyd
What is the second generation?
Terminology
FB, arrived as children = 1.5 generationCB, with FB parent (s) = 2nd generationCB, with CB parents = 3rd-plus
generation
Why the Focus on the Second
Generation?
1) DemographicsNumbers, Proportions
2) Parental Difficulties
3) Historical Change
2001 Census: 13 % are foreign born arriving
after age 1221 % are the 1.5 or second generation66% are third-plus generation
2006 Census:One in five Canadians (19%) are
second generation
Why the Focus on Second Generation?
Long term integration of immigrants, over generations
How are immigrants doing shifts to how are their children doing
“New” second generation from recent waves of migrants
Three concerns:1) Economy has changed2) Parental generation is not
doing well3) Racial barriers
Canadian Exceptionalism: DoAmerican/European ModelsApply?
Countries have their own unique histories of immigration,immigration policies, and race
and ethnic relations Need to conduct research on
immigrant offspring in Canada
Data gaps dampened researchbetween 1971-1995
Censuses, 1971, 2001, 2006Surveys: GSS 2001, 1996; SLID etcFocused Surveys: EDS, case studies
Caveats: Cross-sectionalcomparisons; not descent groups
Immigrants to Canada are increasingly from Asia and the Middle East
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Before1961
1961-1970 1971-1980 1981-1990 1991-2001
U.S.A.
Europe
Asia & Middle East
Africa
Caribbean, South andCentral America
Oceania & Other
A defining feature of new second generation is their visible minority status and their origins from non-European source countries, as compared to the largely European-based flows of the past
Generational Status varies for Visible Minority/ Non-Visible Minority Populations
Chart 1: Generational Composition of the Not Visibile Minority and Visible Minority Populations, Age 15 and Older
10
69
4
1517
13
70
3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Not Visible Minority Visible Minority
FB, arrived 15+ 1.5 Generation 2cd Generation 3rd Plus Generation
Percent Living in CMAs, Age 15+
80
96
76
96
68
93
55
74
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Not Visible Minority Visible Minority
FB, arrived 15+ Fb,arrived 0-14 Second Generation
• Most immigrants and their offspring live in CMAs
• Visible minority immigrants and their offspring are most likely to live in CMAs
Percent 15-29, Population Age 15+
5
13
20
68
23
78
26
35
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Not Visible Minority Visible Minority
FB, arrived 15+ Fb,arrived 0-14 Second Generation Second Generation
• Most of the Visible minority population who are immigrant offspring are under age 30
How are the “new” immigrantoffspring doing; how will they do?
Answers from 2001 census. Asked persons age 15+ to indicate
birthplace of parents First time since 1971
Study: age 20-29 in 2001; living in cities
Educational Attainments
Percentage Graduating from High School, Second Generation by Visible Minority Status, Age 20-29, Living in CMAs, Canada 2001
8382 81
93
78
90
88
70
75
80
85
90
95
Not VisibleMinority
Arab & WestAsian
Black Chinese Filipino Latin America South Asian
- - - 3rd+gen Non vismin
Percentages with Bachelors or Higher Degrees, Second Generation by Visible Minority Status, Age 20-29, Living in CMAs, Canada 2001
24 24
40
22
11
32
15
0
10
20
30
40
50
Not VisibleMinority
Arab & WestAsian
Black Chinese Filipino LatinAmerica
South Asian- - - 3rd+gen Non vismin
% with University Degree Exceeding 3rd+ non-Vismin
Yes NoArab & W. Asian L. AmChinese BlackS. AsianFilipino
Transition Stages
All groups more likely than 3rd plus non-Vismin generation to be:
Attending schoolWorking part time
Percentages with High Skill Occupations, Second Generation by Visible Minority Status, Age 20-29, Living in CMAs, Canada 2001
2425
16
34
21
14
27
0
10
20
30
40
Not VisibleMinority
Arab & WestAsian
Black Chinese Filipino Latin America South Asian
- - - 3rd+gen Non vismin
Average weekly wage earnings for Women and Men, Second Generation by Visible Minority Status, Age 20-29 Living in CMAs,
Canada 2001
500
430
450
540
450
470
530
470
590
520
500
600
490
520
550
530
700 500 300 100 100 300 500 700
Not Visible Minority
Arab & West Asian
Black
Chinese
Filipino
Latin America
South Asian
Other Vismin
Women Men3rd+ Non-vismin 3rd+ Non-vismin
Percentage Deviations of Logged Weekly Earnings, Unadjusted and Adjusted for Other, Variables, by Sex, Generation, Visible Minority Status, Age 20-29, Living in CMAs,
and Working Two or more Weeks in 2000, Canada, 2001.
WOMEN
Not Visible Minority
Arab & West Asian Black Chinese Filipino
Latin America
South Asian
South East Asian
Second (ns) (ns) -5.9 5.4 (ns) (ns) (ns) ....
Third-plus (RG) .... (ns) …. .... .... .... ....
MEN
Second (ns) (ns) -8.7 (ns) -5.8 (ns) (ns) ....
Third-plus (RG) .... (ns) .... .... .... .... ....
Summary
Considerable variation within Visible Minority population with respect to how second generation is doing
Chinese, South Asian vs Latin American and Black
Caveats
At the Starting Gate- quite literally
Considerable variation within visible minority groups – pan-label conceals origin variations
Caveats
Location matters
City context importantlocal labour markets
What factors help explain variations? Other studies
Parental CharacteristicsFamily StructureLanguage CompetenceEthnic Communities,
IdentitiesOther Factors
CONCLUDING THOUGHTS
Outcomes for “new” second generation optimistic for some, not for others
Appropriate policies, programs of support?
School age
School programs offering support; buddy mentoring programs
Promote wide range of ethnic identities
Community centered programs that increase support networks
Future research issues
High poverty among immigrantsChildren in SchoolsSchool to Work TransitionsRemove pan-VISMIN labelsLook at second generation groups
in same geographical space
The Future
Immigrants viewed as resources;
But their children also are; educational and economic success is important