• What is the product of transcription?

• What is the product of translation?

• What does the Central Dogma state?

• DNA goes through transcription to make RNA• RNA goes through translation to make protein

What is a mutation?

• A change in the genetic code.

Mutations

Point mutaions• Involve changes in one or a

few nucleotides

• Generally occur during replication

Chromosomal mutations• Involve changes in the

number or structure of chromosome

Types of mutations

Point Mutations• Substitution -missense -silent -nonsense

• Insertion (frameshift)

• Deletion(frameshift)

Chromosomal Mutations• Deletion

• Duplication

• Inversion

• Translocation

Point Mutations/Substitions

Point Mutations/Frameshift

Deletion:

Insertion:

http://science.jburroughs.org/mbahe/BioA/starranimations/chapter9/videos_animations/frameshift.htmlFrameshift mutation

Chromosomal mutations

Mutagens

• Chemical or physical agents in the environment that cause mutations

Cells can sometimes repair the damage, but if not, the sequence remains changed permanently.

Harmful Mutations

• Those that dramatically change protein structure or gene activity

• May cause genetic disorders – Sickle Cell disease

• May cause cancer

Beneficial Mutations

• Mutations have helped insects resist chemical pesticides

• Mutations in humans that increase bone strength and density

• In plants – polyploidy (an extra set of chromosomes) make plants stronger and larger

• What is the difference between point and chromosomal mutations?