What is the meaning of soil conservation?
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Soil Conservation in Israel Presented by:
Jonathan AbrahamsSoil Conservation Planner and Cover Crop
SpecialistSoil Conservation Unit-Western Galilee Region
Ministry of Agriculture(Email:[email protected])
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What is the meaning of soil conservation?
The protection, optimum use and reclamation of soil
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Protection from:1. Erosion- soil loss caused by rainwater or wind
2 .Compaction-poor soil structure and aeration caused by excessive vehicular traffic and/ or improper cultivation
practices
3 .Waterlogging- excessive water content and inadequate aeration caused by poor drainage conditions and/or
compaction.
4 .Salt contamination- soil salinization caused by irrigation and / or high water table conditions
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Protection from: Poor Drainage
Drainage-the removal of excess surface/soil water
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Poor Drainage
• Waterlogging
• Soil Compaction
• Soil Salinization
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Optimum use of the soil
Attaining the most efficient and economic crop production with minimal damage
to the soil and the environment.(Sustainable Agriculture)
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Reclamation of salinated or eroded soils
Improving the physical and/or chemical properties of the soil that create
a favorable environment for plant growth.
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Erosion Control/ Drainage
Determining Factors :
- Soil
- Rainfall
- Slope Gradient
- Hydrological Conditions(water table level)
- Irrigation Methods/Management
- Cultural(cropping/tillage) Practices
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Fixed and Variable Soil Properties:
-Texture(F)
- Stoniness(F)
- Chaukiness(F) - Organic Matter Content(V)
- Salinity/Sodicity(V)
Soil
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Soil Texture
Clay Soils Sandy Soils ++ Stoniness+ ++ Chaukiness+ ++ Organic Matter+ ++ Salinity/Sodicity+
+ less ++ more
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Soil Properties and Potential For Erosion/ Poor Drainage
- Texture
- Stoniness
- Chaukiness - Soil Structure
- Organic Matter Content Stability - Salinity/Sodicity
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Soil Erosivity(erosion potential)Soil AerationSoil water movement
Soil Structure Stability
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Soil Structure Stability
Soil water movement
Surface Sub-surface (infiltration rate( ) percolation rate)
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Rainfall
IntensityFrequencyAmount
Soil ErosivitySoil Aeration
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Slope Gradient
Steep
Flat
Erosion
Poor Drainage
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Hydrological Conditions
water table level/quality:
DrainageSoil salinity
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Hydrologic Conditions
Shallow water table( near the soil surface)
Poor drainage conditions
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Hydrologic ConditionsWatertable quality:
more saline
more soil salinization
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Irrigation Methods/Management
Methods -open surface systems(furrow, flood)
-sprinkler systems -drip
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Irrigation Methods
Erosion Control/ Drainage Conditions
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Main Principles of Soil Conservation
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Main Principles of Soil Conservation
1 .Soil conservation is an essential part of an overall approach to
watershed development
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In watershed development:
-There is a hydrological connection between the uplands and the lowlands:
-The lowlands will be directly affected by overland and sub-surface flow from the uplands.
2. Physical planning should include soil conservation measures to treat both the uplands as well as the lowlands.
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Main Principles of Soil Conservation
2. Good soil management as part of physical planning is the key to effective soil conservation.
Land use suitability is the main criteria in physical planning for determining: 1. Land to be under cultivation 2. Necessary soil conservation measures for all cultivated lands.
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Main Principles of Soil Conservation
3. Soil conservation practices should be implemented without regard to land ownership boundaries.
4 .Soil conservation requirements for cultivated land are determined by:
Climate -Topography - Soil Type
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The Connection between Climatic Changes (Global Warming)
and Soil Conservation
Less Annual Rainfall lower soil organic matter
Higher Rainfall Intensity increased soil erosion
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Soil Conservation Practices
According to the climate
Classification: Agro-ecological zones based on:1 .rainfall pattern
2 .average yearly rainfall 3 .monthly temperatures
Israel is classified as a mediterranean climate:1.one winter rainy season
2 .6-8 months dry3 .300-1000 mm rainfall
(Southern Israel-semi-arid climate- 100-300mm)
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Soil Conservation Practices
Topography
Zones
Major ProblemsRecommended Approach
Shallow soils
Erosion
Waterlogging
Salinity
Soil Compaction
Uplands++++Erosion Control
Foothills++/+++/+Erosion Control Drainage
Lowlands++++Drainage
Frequency: + Low +++ High
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Soil Conservation Practices in the Uplands
Main Objective: Preserving shallow soils from erosion
Commonly Used Practices:1 .Bench Terraces
2 .Diversion ditches3 .Crop rotation with winter cover crop in row crops
4 .Cover crops in tree orchards- vegetative cover(natural or seeded) in winter
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Soil Conservation Practices in the Lowlands
Main Objective:Maintain good drainage conditions
Commonly Used Practices:1 .Drainage-surface/sub-surface systems
2 .Irrigation management3 .Cover crops in tree orchards- vegetative cover(natural or
seeded) in winter
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Drainage-the removal of excess surface water and soil waterNatural Systems
Artificial Methods
Surface systems-field ditches
-drainageways-row crop beds and tree ridges
Sub-surface Systems
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Irrigation Management
Main Objective- Minimize excess water application to prevent waterlogging, minimize surface run-off and soil salinization.
-Methods of irrigation with highly regulated water application- sprinkler /micro-sprinkler /drip
-Water Application Program- based on soil and climate data
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Cover crops A soil conservation method for upland and lowland
watershed zones
What are Cover Crops?
Plant Species that can be used in pasture or agricultural field production units(row crops and tree orchards) for the purpose of improving growing conditions while preserving environmental balances
and natural resources .(Covercropping-the systems by which cover crops are
integrated in cultural practices)
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Potential Benefits
Agricultural
Environmental
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Agricultural BenefitsSoil Conservation
1 .Reduced soil erosion2 .Improved water infiltration/percolation
3 .Increased soil aeration4 .Less soil compaction
5 .Reduced waterlogging6 .Addition of legume –fixed nitrogen7 .Cereal extraction of excess nitrates
8 .Increased availability of soil nutrients9 .Increased levels of soil organic matter
Weed ControlPlant Protection
1.Attraction of beneficial insects2.Catchment for insect pests
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Environmental Benefits
The reduction in the use of: +herbicides +insecticides
+synthetic fertilizers
will result in: 1. Less contamination of groundwater sources
2 .Preservation of the soil as a natural resource
3 .Less air pollution
4 .Preservation of fragile balances of plant and insect communities
5 .Minimizing possible human and animal health hazards
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Possible negative effects of covercropping
1. Attraction of rodents and insect pests
2. Water and nutrient competition
3. Competition of insect pollinators
4. Lower air temperatures under frost conditions
5. Increased fire hazard
6. Higher costs
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Covercropping in Tree Orchards for Soil conservation
Erosion control:In non-shaded young sub-tropical and deciduous orchards with bare soil in winter
DrainageIn shaded mature sub-tropical and deciduous
orchards .
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Covercropping Program
Planting-October to December
Growing Season-November to April
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The long-term success of a covercropping program will be dependant upon:
1 .Adapting the design to local conditions
2 .Information sharing and cooperation between extensionists, farmers and researchers
3 .Ongoing field research and development
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Summary
1 .Soil Conservation deals with the protection, optimum use and reclamation of soil.
2 .Erosion control and Drainage practices will be determined by the following physical factors:
- soil - rainfall
- slope gradient - hydrological conditions(water table level)
- irrigation methods/management - cultural(cropping/tillage) practices
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Summary
3 .Soil conservation is an important part of watershed development. Soil conservation practices will be effective when implemented in the entire watershed-uplands and lowlands according to local conditions-climate, soil and topography and without regard to land ownership boundaries.
4 .Good soil management (land use and cultural practices) as part of physical planning is the key to effective soil
conservation.
5 .Covercropping is an effective soil conservation practice for upland and lowland watershed zones.