What is Science? A way of learning and thinking about the natural world using experimentation to...
Transcript of What is Science? A way of learning and thinking about the natural world using experimentation to...
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What is Science?
• A way of learning and thinking about the natural world using experimentation to make conclusions
• Scientists collect information, look for patterns and connections, and propose explanations
• Science is always changing with new observations, tests, equipment, viewpoints, and discoveries that lead to new theories and revising old ones
• Important to YOUR life– Should the government have your DNA? Does a person
begin at conception? Did we evolve?
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How Science Works
• Observation– Being with an observation using the senses– Gather information from observations called data– Data can be quantitative or qualitative– Make logical inferences using data• Ex- If 100 samples from the lake contain algae, then all
the water contains algae
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How Science Works
• Hypothesis– After the observation, scientists ask a question
about what they noticed– This leads to forming a hypothesis or an educated
guess for a set of observations– “If… then…” statement- If fertilizer is added to a
plant, then it will grow faster.– Uses prior knowledge, logical inferences, and
informed imagination
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How Science Works
• Experiment– The hypothesis is tested in a controlled
experiment where only 1 variable is tested• Control- group in which all conditions are kept the
same• Variable- all conditions kept the same except for the
single condition being tested for• Independent Variable (IV)- changed on purpose,
manipulated, what “I” do/change• Dependent Variable (DV)- changes according to the IV,
depends on the IV, what you measure
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How Science Works
• Results– Data is measured and recorded from the
experiment– Charts and tables are created of the data– Data is also analyzed to see if hypothesis was
correct or not
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How Science Works
• Conclusion– The results are explained and the hypothesis is
shown as true or false– Any errors and limitations in the experiment are
discussed– If the hypothesis was shown false, it will be
tweaked and another experiment will be performed
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How Science Works
• Other Issues– Controlled experiments are not always possible in
the lab, for ethical reasons or if there is a large sample size
– Hypothesis – Theory - Law
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Experiment Example
• Observations- plants die in the dark• Q- Does the color of light affect plant growth?• Hypothesis- If plants are under colored lights,
then they will not grow as fast as under white lights
• Experiment- Set up 5 plants in separate closets with red bulbs and one with white. Measure grow in cm for 10 days. All plants receive same amount of water, soil, etc.
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Experiment Example
• Control- Plant under white light (no “treatment”)• IV- plants with colored lights (manipulation, I
changed)• DV- growth of the plants with colored lights
(depends on…. Color)• Results- All 5 plants died, and the one with white
light grew 4 cm• Conclusion- Hypothesis correct…. What does this
mean?
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Real Example
• In the 1600s, the main hypothesis for how life starts was that it starts from abiotic matter
• This was called spontaneous generation or abiogensis
• In 1668, Francesco Redi proposed that life came from life, called biogenesis
• Observation- Flied land on meat uncovered and maggots appear
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• Hypothesis- Flies produce maggots
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Real Example
• In the 1800s, scientists continued to argue over abiogensis
• In 1864, Louis Pasteur’s experiment finally proved biogensis using broth and S-shaped flasks and observing bacterial growht
• Bacteria would only grow if the flask was normal and exposed to air
• Flasks with S-shape would not allow growth
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Biology
• Study of life• Organism- any living thing• Species- organisms that can produce offspring
that can breed
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Characteristics of Life
1. Made up of cells-Cells are the smallest unit of life-Organisms can be made of one cell, called unicellular-Organisms can be made of many cells, called multicellular
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Characteristics of Life
• 2. Reproduce- – Sexually involves sex cells from two parents fusing
to make the first cell of a new organism– Asexually involves one parent using itself to create
a new organism
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Characteristics of Life
• 3. DNA- living things are made up of the genetic code DNA– DNA acts as a blueprint that directs the growth
and development of an organism– DNA also dictates that organisms will only
reproduce their own kind
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Characteristics of Life
• 4. Grow and Develop– They go through specific life stages from young to adult
to old• 5. Energy– Energy is obtained in photosynthesis from the sun for
plants, and in food for animals• 6. Respond– Stimulus- a signal to which an organisms responds– External- come from the environment– Internal- come from within the organism
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Characteristics of Life
• 7. Homeostasis- Living things must maintain a stable internal environment despite changes
• 8. Evolve/Adapt- As a group living things must be able to adapt over time, or evolve– Desert plants have thicker “skin”– The greater the diversity within a species, the
greater chance of surviving environmental changes
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Levels of Organization
• Biosphere- all of earth’s ecosystems• Ecosystem- communities and their abiotic
surroundings• Community- populations that live together in
a defined area• Population- group of the same organisms that
live in a defined area• Organism- one individual living thing
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Levels of Organization
• Organ System- a group of organs working together, like the digestive system
• Organ- a group of tissues working together, like the heart
• Tissue- a group of cells working together, like muscle tissue
• Cell- the smallest functional unit of lie, like a muscle cell
• Molecules- groups of atoms that form chemicals like water and DNA. NOT alive
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Tools
• Light Microscope– Light passes through lenses to magnify a specimen
• Transmission electron microscope– A beam of electrons reveals the inside of a
specimen up to 100,000x• Scanning electron microscope
• A beam of electrons scans the outside of specimens up to 10,000x
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