What Is Psychology? Chapter One. Psychology as a Science Definition:
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Transcript of What Is Psychology? Chapter One. Psychology as a Science Definition:
What Is What Is Psychology?Psychology?
Chapter OneChapter One
Psychology as a SciencePsychology as a Science
DefinitionDefinition::
Psychology as a SciencePsychology as a Science
As science, uses the As science, uses the ______________________, as ______________________, as
opposed to subjective opposed to subjective opinion, to develop theories opinion, to develop theories about variables to describe, about variables to describe, explain, predict, and control explain, predict, and control
behavior and mental behavior and mental processesprocesses
TheoryTheory
Definition:Definition: a formulation of a formulation of
relationships underlying relationships underlying observed eventsobserved events
TheoryTheory
Based on assumptions about Based on assumptions about behavior and mental behavior and mental processesprocesses
Contain statements about Contain statements about the principles and laws that the principles and laws that may govern themmay govern them
TheoryTheory
Allow us to derive Allow us to derive explanations and explanations and predictionspredictions
______________, ____________, ______________, ____________, ______________, ___________________________, _____________
What Psychologists DoWhat Psychologists Do
Wide variety of subject Wide variety of subject areas for psychologistsareas for psychologists
Pure ResearchPure Research vs. vs. Applied ResearchApplied Research
What Psychologists DoWhat Psychologists Do
________________________________:: Conducted without concern Conducted without concern
for immediate applications to for immediate applications to personal or social problems personal or social problems (research for its own sake)(research for its own sake)
What Psychologists DoWhat Psychologists Do
__________________________________:: Designed to find solutions Designed to find solutions to specific personal or social to specific personal or social
problemsproblems
Subfields of Subfields of PsychologyPsychology
ClinicalClinical CounselingCounseling
SchoolSchool EducationalEducational
Subfields of Subfields of PsychologyPsychology
DevelopmentalDevelopmental Social/PersonalitySocial/Personality
ExperimentalExperimental CognitiveCognitive
Subfields of Subfields of PsychologyPsychology
Industrial/OrganizationalIndustrial/Organizational Physiological/BiologicalPhysiological/Biological
Emerging Fields: Emerging Fields: ForensicForensic & & HealthHealth
Clinical PsychologyClinical Psychology Specialize in helping people Specialize in helping people
with psychological problems with psychological problems adjust to the demands of life adjust to the demands of life Ex: anxiety, Ex: anxiety,
depression, sexual depression, sexual dysfunctions, loss of goalsdysfunctions, loss of goals
Evaluate problems through Evaluate problems through structural interviews and structural interviews and
psychological testspsychological tests
Clinical PsychologyClinical PsychologyHelp clients resolve their Help clients resolve their problems and change problems and change maladaptive behavior maladaptive behavior through techniques of through techniques of ____________________________ and and ____________________________________________
Clinical PsychologyClinical Psychology
Psychotherapy:Psychotherapy:Application of Application of psychological psychological
knowledge to the knowledge to the treatment of problem treatment of problem
behaviorbehavior
Clinical PsychologyClinical Psychology
Behavior Therapy:Behavior Therapy:Application of learning Application of learning
to the direct to the direct _________________ of _________________ of problem behaviorproblem behavior
Clinical PsychologyClinical Psychology Work in institutions for mentally Work in institutions for mentally
ill, outpatient clinics, college ill, outpatient clinics, college clinics, private practiceclinics, private practice
__________________ subgroup (what __________________ subgroup (what most people think when hear most people think when hear
about psych)about psych) Differs from psychiatrist (medical Differs from psychiatrist (medical
doctors who specialize in doctors who specialize in treatment)treatment)
Counseling Counsel people facing Counsel people facing
challengeschallenges Use interviews and tests to Use interviews and tests to
define their clients problemsdefine their clients problems Clients typically have Clients typically have
___________________ problems ___________________ problems but not serious psychological but not serious psychological disordersdisorders
Counseling Clients may encounter difficulty Clients may encounter difficulty
in making academic or in making academic or vocational decisions or making vocational decisions or making friends, marital and family friends, marital and family conflicts, physical handicaps, conflicts, physical handicaps, adjustment problemsadjustment problems
Various counseling methods to Various counseling methods to help clients clarify goals and help clients clarify goals and find ways of surmounting goalsfind ways of surmounting goals
Counseling
Employed at college counseling and testing centers, rehabilitation
agencies
School PsychologistsSchool Psychologists Facilitating the social, intellectual, Facilitating the social, intellectual,
and emotional development of and emotional development of __________________________
Work in schoolsWork in schools Consult with students with Consult with students with
problems that interfere with problems that interfere with ______________________________Ex: social, family, emotional Ex: social, family, emotional problems, and specific learning problems, and specific learning disordersdisorders
School Psychologists Define problems through: interviews Define problems through: interviews
with parents, teachers, students, with parents, teachers, students, achievement and intelligence tests, achievement and intelligence tests, classroom observationsclassroom observations
Consult with teachers, school Consult with teachers, school officials, parents, teachers and other officials, parents, teachers and other professionalsprofessionals
Placement of students in special Placement of students in special education and remediation programseducation and remediation programs
Educational PsychologistsEducational Psychologists
Concerned with Concerned with optimizing classroom optimizing classroom
conditions to conditions to __________________________________________________
Design educational Design educational programs and train programs and train
teachersteachers
Educational PsychologistsEducational Psychologists
Improvement of course planning Improvement of course planning and instructional methodsand instructional methods
Research interests include how Research interests include how motivation, intelligence, motivation, intelligence,
sociocultural factors such as sociocultural factors such as poverty and acculturation and poverty and acculturation and
teacher behavior affect learningteacher behavior affect learning
DevelopmentalDevelopmental Study the changes (physical, Study the changes (physical, emotional, cognitive, and social) emotional, cognitive, and social)
that occur throughout the life spanthat occur throughout the life span Influences of heredity (nature) and Influences of heredity (nature) and
environment (nurture) on environment (nurture) on developmentdevelopment
Topics: effects of maternal drug Topics: effects of maternal drug use on the embryo, child rearing use on the embryo, child rearing practices, adolescent conflicts, practices, adolescent conflicts, adjustment among older peopleadjustment among older people
Social/personalitySocial/personality How we influence and interact How we influence and interact
with ____________________with ____________________ Define human traits, determine Define human traits, determine
influence on thought processes, influence on thought processes, feelings and behavior, explain feelings and behavior, explain
psychological disorderspsychological disorders Human issues (anxiety, Human issues (anxiety, aggression, gender roles)aggression, gender roles)
Social/personalitySocial/personality
Social and external influencesSocial and external influences Attitude formation and change, Attitude formation and change,
interpersonal attractions and interpersonal attractions and likings, stereotypes, conformity to likings, stereotypes, conformity to
group norms, group decision group norms, group decision making processesmaking processes
Personality: tend to look within the Personality: tend to look within the person for explanations of person for explanations of
behaviorbehavior
ExperimentalExperimental Conduct _______________ into Conduct _______________ into fundamental processes relevant fundamental processes relevant
to more applied specialtiesto more applied specialties Nervous system, sensation, Nervous system, sensation, perception, learning, memory, perception, learning, memory, thought, motivation, emotionthought, motivation, emotion
More likely to engage in basic or More likely to engage in basic or pure research (usually study pure research (usually study
animals)animals)
Industrial/OrganizationalIndustrial/Organizational
Behavior in the ______________; Behavior in the ______________; improving businesses in areas improving businesses in areas
such as personnel, such as personnel, organizational efficiencyorganizational efficiency
Relationships between people Relationships between people and workand work
Assist in processes such as Assist in processes such as hiring, training, and promotionhiring, training, and promotion
Industrial/OrganizationalIndustrial/Organizational
Devise tests that predict Devise tests that predict successful performance of successful performance of various jobs (gallup poll)various jobs (gallup poll)
Make technical systems Make technical systems (computer) more user friendly (computer) more user friendly Strategies to appeal to the Strategies to appeal to the
________________ ________________
Emerging FieldsEmerging Fields ______________________________: expertise within : expertise within
the criminal-justice systemthe criminal-justice system Serve as expert witnesses, testify Serve as expert witnesses, testify
about competence of defendants about competence of defendants to stand trial or describe mental to stand trial or describe mental disorders and how affect disorders and how affect __________________________________________________________
Counsel officers help with stress, Counsel officers help with stress, hostage situations, suicide threatshostage situations, suicide threats
Emerging FieldsEmerging Fields ________________:________________:examine the ways in examine the ways in
which behavior and mental processes which behavior and mental processes such as attitudes are related to physical such as attitudes are related to physical healthhealth Headaches, cardiovascular disease, Headaches, cardiovascular disease,
cancercancer Patient compliance with medical advicePatient compliance with medical advice Guide clients to take undertake more Guide clients to take undertake more
healthy behaviors such as exercising, healthy behaviors such as exercising, quitting smoking, healthy dietquitting smoking, healthy diet
Which subfield are Which subfield are you most you most
interested in and interested in and why? why?
Where does Psychology Come From?
A Brief History
Psychology is as old as history and as modern as
today Aristotle: Greek philosopher
Peri Psyches (About the Psyche)-nature of mind behavior
People are basically motivated to seek pleasure and avoid pain (modern view)
Psychology is as old as Psychology is as old as history and as modern as history and as modern as
todaytoday
Democritus: behavior as body and a mind Behavior influenced by external stimulation
First to raise issue of free will or choice
Psychology is as old as history and as modern as
today If we are influenced by external forces, can we be said to control our own behavior?
Question: where do the influences of others end and our “real selves” begin?
Structuralism Willhelm Wundt: ____________________
____________________________________ 1897: established first
psychological laboratory in Leipzig,Germany Claimed that the mind was a natural event and could be studied scientifically (light, heat, flow of blood)
Structuralism Define makeup of conscious
experience, breaking it down into objective sensations (light and taste) and subjective feelings (emotional responses, will, mental images)
Believe that mind functions by creatively combining the ________________________________
Functionalism Emphasizes the uses or
functions of the _____________ rather than the elements of experience
Deals with overt behavior as well as consciousness
Functionalism William James (1842-1910):
Wrote first modern psychology textbook, The Principles of Psychology
Functionalism Influenced by Darwin’s
“survival of the fittest” theory The “fittest” behavior
patterns survive Adaptive actions tend to be
repeated and become habits
Behaviorism John Watson (1878-1958):
Founder of behaviorism Psychology must limit itself
to ________________, ____________________ events-to behavior
BehaviorismExamples:
Pressing a lever, turning left or right, eating and mating, heart rate, dilation of the pupils
Behaviorism Psychology address the
learning of measurable responses to environmental stimuli
Pavlov’s salivating dogs (conditioning not mental processes)
Behaviorism B.F Skinner (1904-1990):
___________________: organisms learn to behave in certain ways because they have been reinforced for doing so
GestaltFocused on
_________________ and on how perception influences thinking
and problem solving
Gestalt
Perceptions more than the sum of its parts
Wholes that give meaning to parts
Gestalt Learning to solve problems, is accomplished by ________________, not by mechanical repetition
“Aha moment” flash of insight
Psychoanalysis
Emphasizes the importance of ________________ motives
and ______________ as determinants of human
behavior
Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): Believed that unconscious
thought , especially sexual and aggressive impulses, were more influential than conscious thought in determining human behavior.
Psychoanalysis
Thought mind was unconscious, consisting of conflicting impulses, urges, and wishes.
People motivated to gratify these impulses and urges
Psychoanalysis Freud: gained his understanding
of people through clinical interviews with patients
Gain insight into deep-seated conflicts and find socially acceptable ways of expressing wishes and gratifying needs
How Today’s Psychologists View
Behavior
Perspectives Biological (Neuroscience)
Cognitive Humanistic-Existential
Psychodynamic Behavioral (Learning)
Socialcultural Evolutionary
56
Psychology’s Perspectives
The Big Seven
57
Neuroscience Perspective Focus on how the physical body and
brain creates our emotions, memories and sensory experiences.
Study hormones, genes, and activity of the central nervous system, especially the ________________.
58
Evolutionary Perspective
Focuses on Darwinism. We behave the way we
do because we __________ those behaviors.
Thus, those behaviors must have helped ensure our ancestors ________________. How could this behavior
ensured Homer’s ancestors survival?
59
Approaches cont.
Evolutionary/Sociobiological Focus is on how certain behaviors may have helped our
ancestors survive. (mother nature practicing selective breeding)
60
Psychodynamic Perspective Fathered by Sigmund
___________.
Our behavior comes from _____________ drives.
Usually stemming from our __________.
What might a psychoanalyst say is the reason someone always needs to be chewing gum?
61
Psychoanalysis
Emphasizes the importance of ____________ motives
and ___________ as determinants of human
behavior
62
Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): Believed that unconscious
thought , especially sexual and aggressive impulses, were more influential than conscious thought in determining human behavior.
63
Psychoanalysis
Thought mind was unconscious, consisting of conflicting impulses, urges, and wishes.
People motivated to gratify these impulses and urges
64
Psychoanalysis Freud: gained his
understanding of people through clinical __________ with patients
Gain insight into deep-seated conflicts and find socially acceptable ways of expressing wishes and gratifying needs
65
Behavioral Perspective
Focuses on our ____________ behaviors.
Only cares about the behaviors that impair our living, and attempts to change them.
If you bit your fingernails when you were nervous, a behaviorist would not focus on calming you down, but rather focus on how to stop you from biting your nails.
66
BEHAVIORISTS
How people learn __________ and
________________
John B. Watson
67
Cognitive Perspective Focuses on how we
think (or encode information)
How do we see the world?
How did we learn to act to sad or happy events?
Cognitive Therapist attempt to change the way you __________.
Meet girl Get Rejected by girl
Did you learn to be depressed
Or get back on the horse
68
Approaches cont. GESTALT
consider behavior in context rather than in isolation (age, race, gender, money, time, family, etc.)
Perceptions more than the sum of its parts Wholes that give meaning to parts
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY not just rewards and punishment How people perceive, store and interpret information How thought processes develop over time (10 years old compared to
today)
69
Social-Cultural Perspective Focus on how your _________ effects your behavior.
Even in the same high school, behaviors can change in accordance to the various subcultures.•How thinking and behavior change depending on the setting or situation
70
Humanistic Perspective Focuses on positive growth Attempt to seek _________________ Therapists use active __________ and
_____________ positive regard.
Mr. Rogers would have made a great Humanistic Therapist!!!
71
Approaches cont.
HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY people try to achieve their maximum
potential (self actualization) Promote health and self-growth
ECLECTIC Combination of approaches
72
Psychology’s Current PerspectivesPerspective Focus Sample QuestionsNeuroscience How the body and
brain enables emotions?
How are messages transmitted in the body? How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives?
Evolutionary How the natural selection of traits the promotes the perpetuation of one’s genes?
How does evolution influence behavior tendencies?
Behavior genetics
How much our genes and our environments influence our individual differences?
To what extent are psychological traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes? To our environment?
73
Psychology’s Current PerspectivesPerspective Focus Sample QuestionsPsychodynamic
How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts?
How can someone’s personality traits and disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or as disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas?
Behavioral How we learn observable responses?
How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter our behavior, say to lose weight or quit smoking?
74
Psychology’s Current PerspectivesPerspective Focus Sample QuestionsCognitive How we encode,
process, store and retrieve information?
How do we use information in remembering? Reasoning? Problem solving?
Social-cultural
How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures?
How are we — as Africans, Asians, Australians or North Americans – alike as members of human family? As products of different environmental contexts, how do we differ?
Human Diversity
Ethnic Diversity
BiculturalismFunctions competently
within:
Probing of human diversity
Enables students to appreciate the cultural
heritages and historical problems of various
ethnic groups
QuestionHow can psychologists hope to
understand the aspirations and problems of individuals
from an ethnic group without understanding the history
and cultural heritage of that group?
Gender The state of being male or female
Not simply a matter of anatomic sex
GenderInvolves:
QuestionHow can sciences such as
psychology and medicine hope to understand the particular
viewpoints, qualities, and problems of women if most research is conducted with
men and by men?
GenderEven much of the scientific research into gender roles
and gender differences assumes that male behavior
represents the norm.
Other Kinds of Diversity
Contributors
Know the different contributions made by
women and different ethnic individuals.
Critical Thinking
Critical Thinking
Principles of critical thinking
Recognizing common fallacies in arguments
Critical thinking=education