What is Open Access? - Amazon S3€¦ · Library as publisher Increasingly, more libraries are...

Abby Clobridge

Clobridge ConsultingLinking people with information & knowledge

www.clobridgeconsulting.com

March 2015

What is

Open Access?

Unlocking the power of scientific research

Clobridge Consulting | What is Open Access? (2015) | www.clobridgeconsulting.com This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License

http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1328121

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Open Access 101

The Open Knowledge

environment

Discoverability through

Metadata

Interoperability for an e-research

infrastructure

Open Access Repositories

Open Access Journals

Why Open Access?

What is Open Access?

Open Access Policies

Clobridge Consulting | What is Open Access?: Open Access 101 (2014) | www.clobridgeconsulting.com

open

What is Open Access?

Introduction to Open Access

OPEN ACCESS is: Scholarly research that is

DIGITAL,Free to ACCESS &

Free to USE with minimal restrictions

Open Access (OA) is the free, unrestricted access via the internet to knowledge in the form of research outputs – so research is free to access and includes full re-use rights.

Making knowledge both free to access and free to use, re-use, and build upon is critical for international development, innovation, and progress. Science builds on itself and requires collaboration and the exchange of ideas, but individuals must be able to access and fully use this knowledge base in order to engage.

Clobridge Consulting | What is Open Access? (2015) | www.clobridgeconsulting.com/open-access

Why Open Access?


INCREASED

ACCESS,

EXPOSURE,

& USAGE

Global Access

Global Visibility

Global Exposure

Private sector, practitioners, policy makers, students have access to research

Public access to publicly-funded research

Increased citations

Increased usage

Faster time from research to application

Research & discovery through open licenses – legal re-use, adaptations, remixing

Sparks innovation & creativity


Why Open Access?

Increased

DISCOVERABILITYVISIBILITY

RIGHTS TO RE-USEthrough Open Access…

…leads to

Greater USAGE and UPTAKE

Richly-described materials and robust metadata, human and machine readability, increased search engine optimization all leading to enhanced discoverability of OA research

Free to access & free to read = more readers, increased citations, increased visibility

Open licenses allowing for re-use, re-mix, translations, re-purposing –greater usage and uptake of published research

Introduction to Open AccessClobridge Consulting | What is Open Access? (2015) | www.clobridgeconsulting.com/open-access



“Gold” OA:Authors publish in Open Access journals, i.e. scholarly journals which are: peer-reviewed, free to access, and free to use

Open Access journals* are:

• Free to access• Free to use: at a minimum, the journals allow users to “read, download, copy,

distribute, print, search, or link to the full text of articles” • Scholarly in nature: these journals exercise peer-review or editorial quality control• Immediate access: no embargo or delay on open status

*Based on the Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) definition of Open Access and the Directory of Open Access

Journals (DOAJ) criteria for inclusion in DOAJ database. More details: https://doaj.org/about




Myth: all Open Access journals charge author fees. Reality: While some do levy Article-Processing Charges (APCs) or publication fees, many don’t.

“Hybrid” journals: Subscription-based/closed access journals (not Open Access) but offer authors the option to make their articles openly accessible for a price.

“Diamond” Open Access Journals: Open Access without APCs

Article-Processing Charges (APCs): Usually range from $99 to around $3500, but varies tremendously between journals.




So-Called “Predatory” Open Access Journals

Journals using a wide range of deceptive practices to attract article submissions (and article processing charges)

For more details: Beall’s List of Predatory Publishers: http://scholarlyoa.com/publishers/

Recommended Practices for Open Access Publishers

Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association (OASPA): http://oaspa.org/membership/membership-criteria/

Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ): http://doaj.org/application/new


http://scholarlyoa.com/publishers/



Open Access and the digital environment have led to new types of publishing and a changing scholarly ecosystem.


MegaJournals New type of journal. Journals accept all submissions within scope that are based on sound science and publish as articles are available, not on a set printing schedule. Examples: PLoS One, BMJ Open, Peer J, SAGE Open

Cross-disciplinary journals Stronger support for interdisciplinary journals and others which cross traditional boundaries which were not sustainable in traditional models.

Library as publisher Increasingly, more libraries are hosting journals and serving in the role of publisher. By using the open-source platform Open Journal Systems (OJS), libraries are working with university presses or individual editors and hosting peer-reviewed journals.

Altmetrics and Article-Level Metrics

Different types of metrics to measure and gauge access to research. The digital environment has made it possible to begin tracking downloads, page views, and social media references to a particular item at the article level, rather than at the journal level.



“Green” Open Access:1) Authors publish in peer-reviewed scholarly journal, and2) Deposit manuscript into an Open Access repository

Open Access Repositories: Interoperable, standards-compliant repositories to collect, describe, disseminate, and preserve open knowledge

Commonly-used OA repository systems: • Dspace, Eprints, Fedora, Digital Commons, Invenio, ContentDM




“Green” Open Access:1) Authors publish in scholarly journal, AND2) Deposit manuscript into an Open Access repository

Interoperable, standards-compliant repositories to collect, describe, disseminate, and preserve open content

COLLECT

Check self-archiving permissions in

SHERPA/RoMEOdatabase

DEPOSIT

Deposit appropriate version & metadata

into repository

DISSEMINATE

Disseminate via Open Access Repositories

1 2 3


Open Access Policies


- Organizational OA policies by funding agencies- National policies- Universities with institutional policies

Examples of National and Research Funders’ OA & Related Policies

Mandate Open Access through:

- Argentina (national policy)- Australia Research Council- Autism Speaks- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation- CGIAR- European Commission- Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO)- Germany (national policy)- Spain (national policy)

- UK Department of International Development (DFID)

- United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

- United States Agency for International Development

- United States National Institutes of Health

- Wellcome Trust- World Bank


Metadata


Metadata: “Data about data”

In order for Open Access research to be usable, it must first be discoverable. Rich metadata makes it possible for search engines and other systems to find Open Access scholarship. Since most Open Access content is accessed via search engines, it is critical that materials are discoverable.

Metadata can include details such as:

• Authors’ names and institutional affiliations• Subject matter• Abstract or short description of the research• Publication details: journal title, volume, issue• Intellectual property rights• Publication dates• Embargo dates• Administrative details


Interoperability


“Interoperability is the technical ‘glue’ that makes possible an emerging open science infrastructure – an infrastructure that connects a global, de-centralised network of repositories and other tools. While technology exists to make possible this integration, the landscape around interoperability is complex, and continually evolving.”

– The Case for Interoperability by The Confederation of Open Access Repositories (COAR)


Interoperability


Interoperability & adoption of international standards make it possible to develop new tools to support repositories and connect repositories to build a global e-research infrastructure.

Metadata harvesting- OAI-PMH

Protocols for transferring content between systems- SWORD: Deposit once, push content to multiple systems- Dataverse APIs

Author identifiers, data identifiers- ORCID, AuthorID, PersID

Article-level metrics (ALMs) and altmetrics for repositories- Impact Story, Almetrics.org, Plum Analytics- PLOS Article-Level Metrics API


Open Knowledge


• Open Data• Open Education and Open Textbooks• Open Educational Resources (OERs)• Open Licenses• Open Scholarship / Open Peer-Review• Open Science• Open Source Software

openOpen Access to research is one component of the growing Open Knowledge environment:


Open Knowledge: Open Data


Examples of current topics in Open Data: • Citing Data – see the Data Citation Principles:

http://www.force11.org/datacitation• Granularity of metadata for data sets• Data Management Plans• Good practices in data redundancy, storage, and preservation• Using DOIs and persistent identifiers for data sets

openSeveral major research funding agencies including the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, USAID, the European Commission, and CGIAR have Open Access policies that cover both Open Access and Open Data. In these policies, all types of research outputs – peer-reviewed scholarly journal articles as well as the data sets underlying research – must be made openly accessible.


http://www.force11.org/datacitation

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