What is Nonverbal Communication? No one definition Dr. A. O’Brien.
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Transcript of What is Nonverbal Communication? No one definition Dr. A. O’Brien.
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What is Nonverbal Communication?
No one definition
Dr. A. O’Brien
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Verbal and Nonverbal
are
so intertwined that there’s a fuzzy line between them.
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The idea is…
there are categories of communication that overlap some aspects of each other.
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It’s not as simple as:
WORDS
NO WORDS
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Pioneer in nonverbal research Ray Birdwhistell
• defines nonverbal communication– ... the signals to which meaning will be
attributed
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Note:
• some sounds are not vocal, • e.g., snapping one’s fingers,
stamping a foot• …nv includes vocal and nonvocal
phenomena
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American sign language is verbal... but silent
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Also other vocal phenomena
• more sounds than words e.g., zap...buzz
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Some nonvocal
•made with the breath, taking a small bit of air •onomatopoetic words - zzz
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Mehrabian uses
•ExplicitSAID
IN WORDS
EXACT RULES ABOUT IT
• Implicit– SO SUBTLE ,NOT
IN WORDS
– LACK OF EXPLICIT RULES
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Categorizes implicit or non verbal behavior
• Immediacy• Status• Responsiveness
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CLASSIFYING NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR
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Body Motion (Kinesic Gestures)
Movements of the:– Body– Limbs– Head– feet and legs– facial expressions– eye behavior– posture
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• Some movements provide information about emotions
• Some give info about personality traits or attitude
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Ekman & Friesen
Classification of nonverbal acts
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Emblems
nonverbal acts with a direct verbal
translation
a word or two or a phrase... generally culture specific
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Emblems
• Thumbs up OK• V with fingers peace• Finger pointed to temple suicide• Hand grasping throat choke• hand to mouth eating• tilt head, eyes closed sleeping
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Use of Emblems (a)
• Insults• Directions
come go stop slow down
• Greetings• Departures
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Use of Emblems (b)
selected responses to questionsyes no maybe I don’t know
physical state
emotiontriumphant angrysad
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Part of body associated with emblems
• Often the hands... but not exclusively
• Nose wrinkle Disgust• Drop of the jaw and exaggerated
raising of the eyebrows Surprise• Upturned palms, shrugged shoulders
Uncertainty
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Use of Emblems 1
• When verbal channels of communication are blocked
• Sign language of the deaf• Gestures used by television
production personnel • Gestures used by SWAT team
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Use of Emblems 2
• Signs between two underwater swimmers.
• Motions made by people too far apart to hear each other well.
• We choose emblems the way we choose words
• We don’t think very much about it.• We generally don’t string emblems
together.
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Illustrators
• directly tied to speech - movements that– accentuate a word or phrase– sketch a path of thought– point to present objects– depict a spatial relationship– depict the pacing of an event – draw a picture of the referent– depict bodily action
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Illustrators
They may also be emblems used to illustrate verbal statements;
but you leave the word out and use the emblem.
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Aware of the illustrators?
• Less deliberate than emblems. (They seem to be within the realm of awareness, but we are not as aware of them as we are of emblems which we use much more deliberately.)
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Frequency of Illustrators
• ...more in face to face situations• ...fewer over the intercom or telephone • ... in excitement and enthusiastic
situations• ... when the receiver isn’t getting the
message through words alone• ... when you can’t find the right word
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Affect Displays
• Facial configurations that display affective states: sad tired ecstatic
• Used to:– Repeat– Augment– contradict – can be unrelated to verbal affective
statements.
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Affect Displays
• Can occur without our knowing it; (Once it happens we are aware of it.)
• We may or may not want to communicate our affective state through such displays
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Regulators 1
Non verbal actsthat maintain and regulate
the interactions between two or more participants.
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Regulators 2
• They can tell the speaker to:continuehurry upbecome more interestingexplainlet the other talk
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Turn-taking regulators
(the most studied kind)Head tiltingNodsEye contact
e.g. less eye contact if you want to terminate
conversation.
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Status of regulators
• On the periphery of our awareness; hard to stop them.
• Almost involuntary • We may not be aware of doing it
ourselves, but are very aware when others do it to us.
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Adaptors
• Learned early in life• Less well documented • Less well understood
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Self-Adaptors
Manipulations of own body indicating increase in anxiety
Examples– holding – scratching– picking oneself– eye-cover contact - (might be shame
or sadness)
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Alter-Adaptors
Related to interpersonal behaviors; probable holdovers from early aggression, fleeing, fighting
Examples:leg movements
looking over shoulder before gossiping
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Object adaptors
Learned later in life - more socially acceptable– stroking a pipe– tapping a pencil – hands in pockets– twisting a ring
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Physical Characteristics
• Not all nonverbal communication comes through movement and motion
• Some are static self presentation characteristics – body height– Weight– Hair– skin color, tone– breath odor
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Touching Behavior
(Haptics)stroking
pushing
guiding another’s motion
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Paralanguage
• How - not what you say. • Speech behavior
– Voice quality and pitch – Range and rhythm control– Tempo– Articulation– Resonance– Glottis control– Vocal and lip control
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Vocalizations
• Non verbal sounds - not words, but convey a meaning.
• Divided into three categories:– vocal characterizers – vocal qualifiers – vocal segregates
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vocal characterizers• Laughing• Sighing• Crying• Belching• Inhaling• Excessive groaning• Whining• Yelling• Whispering
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vocal qualifiers
• intensity (loud-soft)• pitch height • high-low
– extreme drawl to extreme clipping
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vocal segregates (separators)
“um” “uh” “ah”
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Proxemics
• use and perception of social and personal space.
• Small group ecology -seating arrangementsspatial relationships related to
leadership, communication flow
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Proxemics
Personal space orientation variations
sex, age, status, cultural orientation, etc..
Territoriality - term associated with our staking out a personal space we don”t want infringed upon.
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Artifacts
• When objects interact with persons to send nv cues
clotheslipstick
false eyelasheswigsperfume
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Environmental Factors
• Associated with the communication event that impinge upon the human relationship, but not part of it.– furniture– architectural style– interior decorating– lighting conditions– colors– temperature
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The End
based on Mark Knapp’s research in nonverbal communication from Bridges Not Walls: A Book About Interpersonal
Communication, John Stewart, ed., McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., 1990.