WHAT IS LANGUAGE? HUMAN AND ANIMAL LANGUAGES. HUMAN AND ANIMAL LANGUAGES The issue of continuity Are...
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Transcript of WHAT IS LANGUAGE? HUMAN AND ANIMAL LANGUAGES. HUMAN AND ANIMAL LANGUAGES The issue of continuity Are...
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WHAT IS LANGUAGE?
HUMAN AND ANIMAL LANGUAGES
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HUMAN AND ANIMAL LANGUAGES The issue of continuity
Are humans just a step further in practising an adapted behaviour?
What are the similarities and differences in human and animal communication?
Are they qualitative or quantitave?
- measurable?
- origin?
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LANGUAGE AS A SYSTEM
- Duality- Patterning- Structural dependence
„But I’m not so think as you drunk I am.” (Sir J.C. Squire, writer)
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How many possibilities are there to order the following items in a meaningful way? Boathouse vs. houseboat
A, B, S, T
I, walks, on, long, sometimes, go
Tabs, bats, stab, ??sbat
I sometimes go on long walks. Sometimes, I go on long walks. I go on long walks sometimes. ??On long walks, I go sometimes. ??Go I sometimes on long walks.
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Reflexiveness
"As modifiers of nouns, present and past participles of verbs function very much like adjectives. Indeed, they are sometimes regarded as adjectives when they modify nouns.”
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LANGUAGE AS A UNIQUE HUMAN CAPACITY
- Genetically coded ability:- Unique cognitive system- Unique vocal system- Wiring- LAD
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Where is language in the brain?
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Signals
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Why are vocal signals easier to use?
Work from a distance: sender and receiver do not have to be close
Work in the dark Receiver does not have to turn toward sender Can be used simultaneously with other
activities
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Focus on sound signals
Rapidly fading signal - Special memory - Bears
Total feedback- Talking to yourself
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Traditional transmission vs. Genetically coded behaviour
Birds
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Species-specific behaviour
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LANGUAGE AS COMMUNICATION
Interaction, negotiation of meaning
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Function and intention
Chimps and dolphins
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SpecialisationInterchangeability
Peacocks
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DisplacementPrevarification
No Past Future Questions Lies
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LANGUAGE AS A SOCIAL PRODUCT
- Bonding (phatic communication)- Expressing self, establishing status in
community (e.g. keeping a dialect)- Operating social ties and institutions- Recording and passing on info from
generation to generation (schooling, literature)
- Elisa
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What determines the nature of signals?
Higher position on the evolutionary scale?
- Of birds and chimpanzees
Social activity?
- Of cuckoos, bees and ancient hunters
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Arbitrary symbols
“When I use a word,” Humpty Dumpty said in a rather
scornful tone, “it means just what I choose it to mean –
neither more not less.” (L. Carroll: Alice in Wonderland)
Animals: signal meaning
Humans: interpretation is based on consensus
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Semanticity, openness
Can you guess the meaning of the following words? Staycation Credit crunch Bossnapping Unfriend Tweetup Jeggings Snollygosters
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What is language?
Systematic and generative A set of arbitrary symbols Primarily verbal signals but also visual Conventionalised meanings Used for communication only Operates in a speech community Essentially human Both language and language learning have
universal features