Economic Impact of the 2007 Earthquake on the Drinking - WSP
What is Earthquake 678 Wsp
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What is Earthquake? An Earthquake is a sudden, rapidshaking of the earth caused by thebreaking and shifting of rocksbeneath the earth surface.Over time, stresses build beneaththe Earths surface.Occasionally, stress is releasedresulting in the sudden, and
sometime disastrous shaking we callan earthquake.
The shaking could last seconds or minutes, and there may be severalearthquakes over a period rangingfrom hours to weeks calledforeshocks and after shocks, thelater decreasing in magnitude withtime.
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The Earth
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What Causes Earthquake :The sudden slip at thefault causes theearthquake .a violentshaking of the Earth whenlarge elastic strain energyreleased spreads outthrough seismic wavesthat travel through thebody and along thesurface of the Earth.
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WHAT IS A FAULT? Earthquakes occur on faults. A
fault is a thin zone of crushed rock
between two blocks of rock, andcan be any length, fromcentimeters to thousands of kilometers. When an earthquakeoccurs on one of these faults, therock on one side of the fault slipswith respect to the other. The faultsurface can be vertical, horizontal,or at some angle to the surface of the earth. The slip direction canalso be at any angle. We classify
these into two basic cases: strike-slip and dip-slip motion.
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MAGNITUDE When scientists refer to a
"great" earthquake, they do not meanthe earthquake was fabulous, theymean it was huge. Informally,earthquakes are classified according totheir magnitude size:
under 5 small 5 - 6 moderate 6 - 7 large
7 - 7.8 major 7.8 or above great Intensity Intensity is a qualitative measure of the
actual shaking at a location during anearthquake, and is assigned as Roman
Capital Numerals . There are manyintensity scales. Two commonly usedones are the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale and the MSK Scale . Both scales are quite similar andrange from I- (least perceptive) to XII-
(most severe). The intensity scales arebased on three features of shaking. perception by people and animals, performance of buildings, and changes to natural surroundings.
Basic Difference: Magnitudeversus Intensity
Magnitude of an earthquake is ameasure of its size. For instance,one can measure the size of anEarthquake by the amount of strain
energy released by the fault rupture.This means that the magnitude of theearthquake is a single value for agiven earthquake. On the other hand, intensity is an indicator of theseverity of shaking generated at agiven location. Clearly, the severityof shaking is much higher near theepicenter than farther away. Thus,
during the same earthquake of acertain magnitude, different locationsexperience different levels of intensity.
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Seismic Waves
Large strain energy released during an earthquake travels asseismic waves in all directions through the Earths layers, reflectingand refracting at each interface. These waves are of two types -body waves and surface waves ; the latter are restricted to near theEarths surface Body waves consist of Primary Waves (P-waves)
and Secondary Waves (S-waves) , and surface waves consist of Love waves and Rayleigh waves .
How the Ground Shakes?
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Focal Pont: The point on the fault where slip starts is the Focus or Hypocenter ,
and the point vertically above this on the surface of the Earth is theEpicenter . The depth of focus from the epicenter, called as Focal Depth , is an important parameter in determining the damagingpotential of an earthquake. Most of the damaging earthquakes haveshallow focus with focal depths less than about 70km. Distance fromepicenter to any point of interest is called epicentral distance .
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How Building Twist during the Earthquake?
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Hazard Vulnerability in Gujarat100% of land vulnerable to Earthquakes
11 % of Land liable to severe earthquake( Intensity MSK VI-IXmore)- Kachchh Area
9 % of Land liable to severe earthquake( Intensity MSK V-VIII )Banaskantha, jam nagar, Surendranagar
79.2 % of Land liable to severe earthquake( Intensity MSK III-VI)
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Vulnerability to Earthquake -Gujarat
V
III
IV
II
RANN OF KACHCHH
BHUJ
VAV
RAPAR
UNA
ABDASA
SAMI
DANG
LAKHPAT
DEESA
DASADA
ANJAR
BHACHAU
MULI
MANDVI
KADI
LIMBDI
JASDAN
IDAR
DHARI
THARAD
MORVIJODIYA
HALVAD
SAYLA
MAHUVA
NAKHATRANA
LALPUR
SAVLI
RAJKOT
VAGRA
KALAVAD
DANTA
GONDAL
DHANDHUKA
TALALA
TALAJA
KALYANPUR
JAMNAGARCHOTILA
MUNDRA
VYARA
BAVLA
RAJPIPLABABRA
DHOLKA
MUD
SONGADH
SIHORLATHI AMRELI
PATAN
BOTADJAMBUSAR
MALIYA
UPLETA
SANTALPUR
BHAVNAGAR
KHAMBHALIA
KAPRADA
SANAND
BHILODA
WANKANER
JHALOD
KANKREJ
VALIA
BAYAD
GADHADA
VADIAJETPUR
MALIA
GODHRA
DHRANGADHRA
DEDIAPADA
OLPAD
DAHOD
RAJULA
DHANERA
THASRA
VIRAMGAM
DABHOI
LILIA
JAMJODHPUR
LAKHTAR
JHAGADIA
DHROLHALOL
SAVARKUNDLAVISAVADAR
MAHESANA
PALITANA
BHANVAD
KALOL
KAVANTPADRA
CHIKHLI
PALANPUR
KARJAN
CHUDA
BANSDA
MODASA
WADHWAN
AMOD
KHAMBHAT
KHEDBRAHMA
PARDI
DEHGAM
HARIJ
TANKARA
NIZAR
VADGAM
KESHOD
DEODAR
VALSAD
VIJAPUR
SANKHEDA
TALOD
DASKROI SHEHERA
BHARUCH
AMIRGADH
JETPUR PAVI
ANAND
JUNAGADH
LIMKHEDA
RANAVAV
KHAMBHA
NASVADI
VADODARA
KUTIYANA
MANDAL
KODINAR
HIMATNAGAR
MANGROL
DHARAMPUR
PADDHARI
DHORAJI
MATAR
RANPUR
MEGHRAJ
PORBANDAR
NADIAD
KAPADVANJ
VAGHODIA
BHESAN
UCHCHHAL
LUNAWADA
DHANPUR
BARWALA
BORSADOHKAMANDAL
UMRALA
KADANA
MANSAPRANTIJ
UNJHA
KAMREJ
MANAVADAR
VADALI
VISNAGAR
BHABHERVIJAYNAGAR
VALLABHIPUR
MALPUR
KHEDA
BARDOLI
GHOGHASAGBARA
CHHOTA UDAIPUR
JALALPORE
LODHIKA
SIDHPUR
HANSOT
GARIADHAR
CHANASMA
SANTRAMPUR
KATHLAL
DEVGAD BARIA
JAMKANDORNA
ANKLESVAR
DANTIWADA
UMARPADA
BECHARAJI
VIRPAR
KHERALU
JAFRABADGANDEVI
MENDARDA
CHORASI
BAGASARA
FATEPURA
UMBERGAON
MEHMEDABAD
MUL BANK
ANKLAV
PATAN VERAVAL
TILAKWADA
AHMADABADGANDHIDHAM
PART OF KOTDA SANG
PART OF SANTALPUR
PART OF THE DANGS
PART OF RADHANPUR
PART OF VAV
PART OF BHACHAU
PART OF PADDHARI
PART OF KAPRADA
Earthquake ZoneIIIIIIVV
Taluka Boundary
EARTHQUAKE ZONE AREA - GUJARAT STATE
External Boundaries are not authenticated.Data source : RESECO,Gandhinagar Prep By : GSDMA Ga ndhinagar
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