WHAT IS CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - AAiT Pre-Engineering … · 1/29/2014 1 WHAT IS CHEMICAL ENGINEERING...
Transcript of WHAT IS CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - AAiT Pre-Engineering … · 1/29/2014 1 WHAT IS CHEMICAL ENGINEERING...
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WHAT IS CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
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• ChEg. is a multidisciplinary subject aimed towards design of industrial processes and systems that change raw materials/inputs into more useful and marketable products/services economically, safely and in an environmentally acceptable way.
• . ChEg involves developing and designing processes, specifying equipment, operating conditions,instrumentation, process control and evaluating the economics of an industrial plant
• This broad definition of ChEg will help to include soap, detergent, silicate, Sugar, paper, petroleum ,plastics, synthetic fibers, fertilizers, pesticide, paint,cement, glass, ceramics and other allied process industries in addition to chemicals
CHEE 2404:Industrial Chemistry 10
Engineering +Economics
ChEg Combines the principles of mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology with engineering practices and economics in order to improve the human environment.
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Che ·ca E g·nee g:
Como· es the pr·nciples of ma hema ·'cs,p ys·cs , chemis ry and b io ogy w"thengineer "ng p c ices ·n order
e uman env •ronmeno ·mprove
Biology
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Application of basic natural and social sciences (math, chemistry,
physics , biology & Economics ) and engineering principles to the
development, design, operation & maintenance of processes to
convert raw materials to useful products and improve the human
develo•pm. ent and environment.
Physics
Economics
Agriculture
Water
Air
Natural Gas
Petroleum
Coal
Minerals
MathematicsChemistry
Energy
Chemical Engineering
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Curriculum• Basic Sciences
– Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry,Biology
• Engineering Sciences and Designs
– Thermodynamics (Heat, work, phase equilibrium, chemical equilibrium)
– Transport Phenomena (heat transfer, fluid mechanics, mass transfer)
– Numerical Analysis
– Computer-Aided Design
– Chemical Reaction Engineering
– Process Industries
– Process Control and Automation
– Process &p lant Design
Engineering Economics & managment
14Unit 2: An Overview of Process Technology
peeeeeeolyurethane
The Chemical Engineering products tree
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Significant Achievements of Chemical Engineering1.Feedig the world-------fertilizers, biotechnology,processing2. Clothing the world---- Sythetic fibers, shoes
food
3.Housing the world ----- Cement,glass,paints,plastics
3. Keeping the health of the world-----Low price, high volumeChemical drugs /97%/
5. Transporting the world----- gasoline, diesel,Tyre
6.The plastic age------------ (bakalite, polyethylene,polystyrene/communication/computer...)
7. Synthetic rubber (gaskets, hoses, conveyor belts,)
8.Protecting mother earth-----(catalytic converters, wastetreatment)9. Production of IT products (storage devices, microelectronics, 10.Artificial organs and biomedical devices
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CHEE 2404:Industrial Chemistry 17
FILLERSPlastics
Rubber
Fiber
Paints4
1 Monomer & Co-monomerProduction
Solvent CatalystMONOMERS
COMONONERS
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3 Compounding
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CHEE 2404:Industrial Chemistry 19
What is a Chemical Engineer?
A Chemical Engineer ---*who creates & manufactures
chemicals and allied products
*who creates and manages chemicals
and allied industries
With out leading role of chemical Engineers.No Adequate food (7.0 b mouths) ----FetlizersNo Adequate clothes ----syn. fiber ,leather
No decent housing--Cement,glass,paints
No Adequate health---Pharm.chemicalsNo potable water– lime,ChlorineNo Adequate energy-Pertoleum/Biofuel
No modern world with out chemical (Petroleum,Tyres,plastics,soap/Detergent Compueter,…
It is a Chemical Engineering World!
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There are
>600 additives
No decent housing- -Cement ,glass
c e m e n tp r oc ess -t e ch n o Io g y
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No modern world t h out chemical Ind.
.A d h e s i v e s C a r p e t i n g C o s m e t i c s F e r t i l i z e r s
P a i n t s R u b b e r F a b r i c s P l a s t i c s
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Petoleum and Petrochemical Industries
Products Made from a Barrel ofCrude Oil (Gal lons)(2009)
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The global vision of the bio-economy foresees an annual revenue growth for biofuels of 15%, biochemicals 12%and biomaterials 14% for the year 2010,and by 2030 biomaterials projected growth was 25%.
Mercedes-Benz automobiles have more than 30 parts made of natural fibres
Modern life/Transport= Petroleum Products
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Chemical Engineering Education
EconomicsHumanities
Engineering/Science Core
Sugar Technology
Cement Technology
LeatherTechnology
Petroleum Eng
Polymer S&T
The chemical engineering education needs to respond to the industrial realities of the profession.
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The strong scientific, mathematical, and technicalbackground found in chemical engineering education is allowing the profession to enter new fields Such as Biotechnology, electronics, material Eng.
The largest growth in employment is occurring in up-and-coming fields which show tremendous potential in
All offer possibilities for chemical engineers.
Current Trends and direction:
Process Eng. Petoleum Eng,Environmental Eng. polymer S& TFood Eng., Biotechnology, Fertlizer Tech.electronics, catalyst Dev.Reactor design, pharmaceuticals,Leather technology Sugar Technology CementTech.Matreial Eng nano technologies.
What are the fields of Ch Eg?
The traditional fields of ChEg are:
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• Chemicals and allied products
• petrochemicals, petroleum and natural
gas processing
• plastics and polymers
• pulp and paper
• instrumentation and process control
• energy conversion and utilisation
• environmental control
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What are the fields of Ch Eg? Cont’d
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• Biotechnology
• Biomedical and Biochemical
• food processing
• Sugar technology
• composite materials, corrosion and protective
coatings
• manufacture of microelectronic components
• Pharmaceuticals
What do Chemical Engineers do?
Thus, they are involved in a wide range of
activities such as:
• design, development and operation of
process plants
• research and development of novel
products and processes
• management of technical operations and
sales40
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World chemicals production, 2004
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• Chemical engineer is either currently, or
has previously, occupied the CEO
position for: BASF
Dow Chemical
Du Pont
ExxonMobile
Shell,Total
Texaco
Gulf Oil
Union Carbide
Bayer
B.F. Goodrich
Bridge Stone
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Where do Chemical Engineers work?The majority of Chemical Engineers work in
businesses known collectively as the Chemical Process
Industries (CPI)– Chemicals,– Oil and Gas (upstream and downstream)– Pulp and Paper,– Rubber and Plastics,– Food and Beverage,– Textile,– Electronics/IT– Metals, mineral processing– Electronics and microelectronics– Agricultural Chemicals Industries– Cosmetics/ Pharmaceutical– Biotechnology/Biomedical
– Environmental, technical, and business consulting
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• Production and utilization of energy• Advanced materials (catalysts, alloys,
enzymes, nanomaterials...)• Manufacture of chemicals (dyes, paints,
fertilizers, acids....)• Consulting• Metallurgy• perfumes and flavors• Instrumentation Development and
Marketing• Government• Patent Law
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Where do Chemical Engineers work?
• Many Chemical Engineers also work in supplier,
consulting and governmental agencies related to the CPI
by engaging in equipment manufacture, plant design,
consulting, analytical services and standards
development.
• Chemical Engineers hold lead positions in industrial
firms and governmental agencies concerned with
environmental protection since environmental problems
are usually complex and require a thorough knowledge
of the Social Sciences, Physics, Biology, Mathematics
and Chemistry for their resolution.
• Chemical engineers have been referred to as “universal
engineers.”
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Pulp
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Where do the chemical engineers work?
45% do ``traditional'' ChE: chemical,petroleum, plastic, paper, consumer goods
35% do ``new'' ChE: environment,consulting, microelectronics,biotechnology, materials
10% go to ChE graduate school
10% go to other graduate school(business)
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How much money do Chemical
Engineers make? Starting salaries (USA)
The National Association of Colleges and Employers (NACE) reported that, between Sept 1999 - Jan 2000, the average starting salary offer made to graduating chemical engineering students in the USA was:
• $49,418 with a Bachelor's degree
• $56,100 with a Master's degree
• $68,491 with a Ph.D.
Engineering ProfessionBachelor's
DegreeMaster's Degree Ph.D.
Wages comparison 2006 figures/USA
Aerospace $50,993 $62,930 $72529
Agricultural $46,172 $53,022
Biomedical $48,503 $59,667
Chemical $53,813 $57,260 $79,591Civil $43,679 $48,050 $59,625
Computer $52,464 $60,354 $69,625
Electrical $51,888 $64,616 $80,206
Environmental $47,384
Materials $50,982
Mechanical $50,236 $59,880 $68,229
Mining $48,643
Nuclear $51,182 $58,814
Petroleum $61,156 $58,000
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• The "unit operations" concept had been latent in the chemicalengineering profession ever since George Davis had organizedhis original 12 lectures around the topic.
• But, it was Arthur Little who first recognized the potential ofusing “Unit Operations" to separate chemical engineering fromother professions
• While mechanical engineers focused on machinery, andchemists concerned themselves with laboratory works andindividual reactions, no one, before chemical engineers,had concentrated upon the underlying processes commonto all industrial products, reactions, and machinery.
• The chemical engineer, utilizing the conceptual tool of unitoperations, could now make claim to industrial territory byshowing his or her uniqueness and worth to themanufacturer. 51
Unit operations
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Unit operations• In transforming matter from inexpensive raw
materials to highly desired products, chemical engineers became very familiar with the physical and chemical operations necessary in this metamorphosis.
• Examples of this include:
– Distillation
– Crystallization
– Grinding
– Sedimentation
– Combustion
– Catalysis
– .
Evaporation
heat exchanger
Chlorination
Sulphonation
Saponification
Polymerization
Physical &
Chemical
operations
– filtration Adorption
– drying Absorption
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OVER VIEWS OF
•CHEMICAL & ALLIED
•INDUSTIES OF
ETHIOPIA
*Opportunities+ Challenges
OVER VIEWS OF CHEMICAL & ALLIED INDUSTIES OF ETHIOPIA
There are about 200 chemical and allied industries in Ethiopia,
most of them small private chemical related process industries.
Basic chemical industries such as Aluminum Sulphate & Sulphuric
acid, Caustic Soda and Soda ash, plastics, plastics, rubber, soap
and detergents, as well as those or Silicate industries such as
cement, glass and ceramics form the greater share of the
production value of the chemical sector of Ethiopia.
The most important chemical and allied products
manufactured by the chemical sector of Ethiopia are
presented below in accordance of their origin of
raw material.
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.1. LOCAL RAW NATERIAL BASE CHEMICAL
INDUSTRIES of EthiopiaAbijata Soda Ash Enterprise
Ethiopian Spice Extraction
Fincha and Metehara EthanolSugar
plantsTabor Ceramic Industries
Glass Industries
Zeway Caustic SodaCement Industries
FOREIGN AND LOCAL RAW MATERIAL BASE ChemicalINDUSTRIES of ETHIOPIA
Alkyd resin Factory /Linseed oil
Reppi and other Detergent plant /Caustic
sda
Awash MelkassaAluminium Sulphate and
Sulphuric acid Factory / Water & AirIndustrial gases (Carbon dioxide)
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FOREIGN BASE RAW MATERIAL CHEMICAL
INDUSTRIES OF ETHIOPIA
Horizon Addis Tyre and other Rubber
Processing IndustriesPlastic and Foam Processing Industries
Ethiopian pulp & Paper Industry
Adami Tulu Pesticides Formulation PlantPharmaceutical Industries
Paints IndustriesSoap and Detergent Industries
Summary of major Indicators of Chemical Industries in EthiopiaParameters A. Total B. Chemical an d allied industries
Chemical Rubber
and
Plastics
Paper
products
Total
Chemical
and
allied
B/A%
No. of
Establishment
1930 80 82 20 182 9.43
Fixed Assets
( No. 1756)
Billion Birr
8.26 0.46 0.69 0.09 1.14 13.8
Gross Value of
Production Billion
Birr
22.49 1.73 1.45 0.44 2.63 11.7
Production cost,
Billion Birr
13.82 1.20 1.04 0.30 2.54 18.4
Value added
cost,Billion Birr
9.17 0.53 0.41 0.14 1.09 11.9
No. of Employees 131,803 7 762 1960 8 727 18449 14.0
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Gross Value of Industrial Production of Ethiopia
(2007) = 22.5 Billion Birr (2 billion USD )
Gross Value of Chemicl Production of Ethiopia
(2007) = 2.6 Billion Birr/0.23 billion USD or $230millonComparison
Annual sales of Toyota ( 2007) =180 billion USDAnnual sales of Total ( 2007)Annual sales of Nokia ( 2007)
= 175 billion USD= 75 billion USD
The Challenge Of ChemicalEngineering in Ethiopia
3. RESOURCE BASE FOR THE
DEVELOPMENT OF CHEMICAL
INDUSTRIES IN ETHIOPIA
• *Opportunities+ Challenges
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1. RAW MATERIAL RESOURCES
Raw materials employed in the production of chemical and allied
products are among the most important inputs to chemical and
allied industries.
The basic raw materials for chemical and allied products are
classified into two groups
Agricultural raw materials: plant and
animal organs
Mineral raw materials: Oil, Natural
gas,Coal, Metals and Non-metal
Atmospheric Raw materials: N2, O2
1.Agricultural Raw MaterialsThe variation in climate condition ranging from tropical
low lands to highlands makes Ethiopia potential country
to grow almost any type of vegetation and to raise
different animal species
Hence the agricultural resources of Ethiopia can serve
as potential basis for the supply of raw materials to
develop and establish chemical and allied industries in
the country.
Ethiopia’s Agricultural undeveloped, unscientific and
uncommercialized in large scale for industrial production
and business modalities.
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Potential agricultural raw material for establishing chemical and
Corn: Staraclhli,egdluincdousset,rdieesxtinroEsteh,iToepxiati.le Chemicals
Tanning bearing plants: Tanning Chemicals
Essential bearing plants: Essential oils cosmetics
Sugar: Sucro Chemicals
Molasses: Ethanol and ethanol base chemicals,
Ethanol: various chemicals including plastics
Resin bearing plants / acacia: water based adhesives
Castor & other vegetable oils : Biodiesels, leather
ChemicalsAnimal Fats & oils: fatty acids, glycerin
Animal by-products: Glue, phosphoric acid
Waxes: Polishes
Civets: Fixative agents
2. Mineral raw materials
In the context of mineral resources, Ethiopia is unexplored and
unexploited country.
The only exception is that of the non metallic minerals
Calcium Carbonate, Silica, Feldspar, Kaolin and Soda ash
which are currently used in the production of Aluminum Sulphate
Casutic Soda, Cement, glass, ceramics and lime.
Coal and Natural gas are at sights far from the current usage
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A number of Ethiopian minerals which at first glance, could serve as
raw materials for future chemical industries in Ethiopia are
presented below
Potash: Fertlizers- Loquid Soap
Phosphate------- Fertlizers, rgano Phospate Pesticides
Coal/lignite------ Fertlizers , Hydrocarbon Chemicals
Natural gas------ Fertlizers , Hydrocarbon Chemicals
Sodium Chloride------NaOH,Cl2, HCl,Plastics, Berekina
Lime stone------- Cement
Soda ash---------- Glass,
Fieldspar/Kaolin ---------- Ceramiic
Sulphur------------Sulphuric acid
Gypsum-------------Chalk
Datomite ---------------Absorbent &Filter aid Chemicals
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Trends of chemical and allied process industries inEthiopiaChemical and allied industries planned in the (TP of 2010-2015.
•Fertilizer Complex Plant------Capacity 300,000 ton urea/year
•Caustic soda Plant:------------ Capacity 50,000 ton/year
•Soda Ash Plant--------------------Capacity 35,000 ton ton/year
•Soap and Detergent Plant:-----Capacity 166000 ton ton/year
•Paper Pulp Plant:------------------Capacity 31 500 ton ton/year
•Paper plant--------------------------Capacity 41 000 ton ton/year
•Poly ethylene plant-------------- Capacity35 000 ton ton/year
•Natural Rubber Latex Plant-----Capacity 6700 ton ton/year
•Sugar Processing Industries------------------- 12 plantsNational capacity will reach 2.25 million tons in2015
Current national capacity about 0.315 million tons (2010)
Production will increase by 1.935 million tons
• Ethanol PlantNational capacity will reach 304 000 m3 in 2015
Current National Production capacity 30 124 m3 (2010)
•Cement Processing Industries
•National capacity will reach 27 million tons in 2015
•Current national capacity about 3 million tons (2010)
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Major goals of Chemical and Allied Process Industries
development in the Growth and Tranformation Plan(GTP),2010-2015
1. Fertilizer Complex Plant------Capacity 300,000 t0n urea/year
2. Caustic soda Plant:------------ Capacity 50,000 ton/year
3.Soda Ash Plant--------------------Capacity 35,000 ton ton/year
4.Soap and Detergent Plant:-----Capacity 166000 ton ton/year
5.Paper Pulp Plant:------------------Capacity 31 500 ton ton/year
6. Paper plant--------------------------Capacity 41 000 ton ton/year
7. Poly ethylene plant-------------- Capacity35 000 ton ton/year
8.Natural Rubber Latex Plant-----Capacity 6700 ton ton/year
9.Sugar Processing Industries------------------- 12 plants•National capacity will reach 2.25 million tons in2015•Current National capacity about 0.315 million tons(2010)• Production will increase by 1.935 million tons
10. Ethanol Plant•National capacity will reach 304 000 m3 in2015•Current National Production capacity 30 124 m3
(2010)11. Cement Processing Industries
•National capacity will reach 27 million tons in2015•Current National capacity about 3 million tons(2010)
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6.9 PROFESSIONAL REORIENTATIONS of
ETHIOPIAN CHEMICALEeNGINEERS
•Professionals should be re-oriented to go
into the business of chemical production and
marketing. They should come out of their
book world or black box, develop skills to
generate productive technology,become
enterpreneur and start producing marketable
goods
• AIChE
• CSChE
www.aiche.org
www.chemeng.ca
• IChemEwww.icheme.chemeng.ed.ac.uk
• Consult senior Chemical Engineers
• Join the student chapter of ESChE
• Read Chemical Engineering magazines
How do I find out more information
about Chemical Engineering ?
CHEE 2404:Industrial Chemistry 70