WHAT IS AN ANIMAL?

TWO TYPES OF ANIMALS Vertebrates

Invertebrates

Animal that has a backbone

Ex: fish, birds, mammals

Animal that does not have a backbone

Ex: insects, jellyfish, worms

ANIMAL CHARACTERISTICS1. Multicellular

Eukaryotic

All animals are made of many cells

Cells that have a nucleus

2. Reproduction

Fertilization

Most reproduce sexually

Requires sex cells EggsSperm

Joining of an egg and sperm

Develops into a new organism

3. Specialized Parts

Organ

Distinct parts have different functions

Made of organs

Group of tissues that carry out a special function

Ex: heart, lungs

4. Movement

5. Consumer

Most animals can move from one place to another

Use movement to search for food, shelter, or mates

An organism that eats other organisms

All animals are consumers

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR

Behavior

Stimulus

Response

All the actions an animal performs

All animal behaviors are caused by stimuli

A signal that causes an organism to react in some way

An organism’s reaction to a stimulus

TYPES OF BEHAVIOR Innate Behavior

Learned Behavior

Behavior that doesn’t depend on learning or experience

Inherited by genes Also known as

instinct

Behavior that has been learned from experience or from observing other animals

TYPES OF LEARNED BEHAVIOR Imprinting Newborn

animals recognize and follow the first moving object they see

Combination of innate and learned behavior

Once imprinting has occurred, it cannot be changed

Conditioning Learning that a particular stimulus leads to a good or bad response

Ex: Dogs getting excited when it sees its owner with a leash

Trial-and-Error Learning

Animal learns to perform a behavior more skillfully

Through repeated practice

Many animals use for best method for obtaining food

Insight Learning Learning something new by applying what you already know

Most common in primates

SURVIVAL BEHAVIOR Finding Food

Predator

Prey

Animals find food in many ways

Most are predators or prey

Animal that eats other animals

Animal being eaten

Marking Territory

Defensive Action

Claim territory of land

Saves energy by avoiding competition

Competition occurs for food or mates

Allows animals to protect resources

Animals defend food, mates, and offspring

Courtship

Parenting

Helps animals find mates

Need to find mates to reproduce

Reproduction is essential for the survival of an individual’s genes

Caring for young Young depend on

parents for survival

SEASONAL BEHAVIOR Migration

Slowing Down

Travel from one place to another

Avoid cold places by migrating to warm climate

Used to deal with food and water shortages

Hibernation

Hibernation

Biological Clock

Period of inactivity

Decreased body temperature

Experience in winter

Internal control of an animal’s natural cycles

Uses clues such as length of day or temperature to set their clocks

SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS

COMMUNICATION Communication Sending a signal

from one animal to another

The receiver must respond in some way

Helps animals survive

WAYS TO COMMUNICATE Sound

Touch

Communicating by making noises

Can reach many animals over a large area

Physical contact between animals

Important for primate communication

Chemicals

Sight

Animals use chemicals called pheromones

Sending visual messages

Also known as body language

LIVING TOGETHER Benefits

Downsides

Safer than living alone

Can spot predators easier with more animals watching

Large groups lead to more competition for food and mates

Resources may be limited