What is AI? Intelligence: “ability to learn, understand and think”. AI is the study of how to...

What is AI?Intelligence: “ability to learn, understand

and think”.

AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better.

Examples: Speech recognition, Smell, Face, Object, Intuition, Inferencing, Learning new skills, Decision making, Abstract thinking.

Artificial Intelligence

What is AI?Artificial Intelligence is concerned with the

design of intelligence in an artificial device.The term was coined by McCarthy in 1956.Two ideas in the definition

Intelligence Artificial device


AI Features

Thinking humanly

Thinking rationally

Acting humanly

Acting rationally


Acting Humanly: The Turing TestAlan Turing (1912-1954)

“Computing Machinery and Intelligence”

(1950)

Human Interrogator

Human

AI System

Imitation Game


Turing TestTo pass the Turing Test a computer need to

possess the following capabilities:Natural language processingKnowledge representationAutomated reasoningMachine learningComputer visionrobotics


Thinking humanlyA given program thinks like a human

Through introspection Reporting on one’s inner thoughts

Through psychological experimentsComputer’s I/O and timing behaviors match

corresponding human behaviors


Acting RationallyRational agent approach.Agent: something that acts.Rational agent: one that acts so as to achieve the

best.Acting so as to achieve one’s goals, given one’s

beliefs. Does not necessarily involve thinking.Advantages:

More general than the “laws of thought” approach (Thinking Rationally).

More amenable to scientific development than human-based approaches.


The Foundations of AIPhilosophy (423 BC present):

Logic, methods of reasoning. Mind as a physical system. Foundations of learning, language, and rationality.Mathematics (c.800 present):

Formal representation and proof. Algorithms, computation, decidability, tractability. Probability.Psychology (1879 present):

Adaptation. Phenomena of perception and motor control. Experimental techniques.Linguistics (1957 present):

Knowledge representation. Grammar.


History of AIGestation of AI (1943-1955)Birth of AI (1956)Great Expectation (1952-1969)Dose of Reality (1966-1973)Knowledge-based systems (1969-1979)AI becomes an industry (1982-present)Return of Neural Networks (1986-present)AI becomes a science (1987-present)Emergence of intelligent agents (1995-present)


Task Domains of AI Mundane Tasks:

Perception Vision Speech

Natural Languages Understanding Generation Translation

Common sense reasoning Robot Control

Formal Tasks: Games : chess, checkers etc Mathematics: Geometry, Logic, Proving properties of programs

Expert Tasks: Engineering ( Design, Fault finding, Manufacturing planning) Scientific Analysis Medical Diagnosis Financial Analysis


AI Technique Intelligence requires KnowledgeKnowledge possesses less desirable properties such as:

Voluminous Hard to characterize accurately Constantly changing Differs from data that can be used

AI technique is a method that exploits knowledge that should be represented in such a way that: Knowledge captures generalization It can be understood by people who must provide it It can be easily modified to correct errors. It can be used in variety of situations


Typical AI problemsCommon-place tasks

Recognizing people, objectsCommunicating (through natural language)Navigating around obstacles on the streets

Expert tasksMedical diagnosis Mathematical problem solving Playing games like chess


What is AI? Intelligence: “ability to learn, understand and think”. AI is the study of how to...

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