Questions. 09_12_Mutation.jpg Gene Evolution Pages 293 - 319.
What is a gene, and what does that have to do with evolution?
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Transcript of What is a gene, and what does that have to do with evolution?
![Page 1: What is a gene, and what does that have to do with evolution?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e265503460f94b154bc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
What is a gene, and what does that have to do with
evolution?
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CB 6.9
An Animal Cell
Videos:http://www.microscopyu.com/moviegallery/livecellimaging/a549/index.htmlhttp://sunflower.bio.indiana.edu/~rhangart/plantmotion/starthere.html
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Information flow in cells
Protein
CB 5.25
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Proteins are the “doers” of the cell.They act as:•Enzymes•Structural Support•Transporters•Signals
Genes code for proteins…
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Chains of DNA can store information:
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Information flow in cells
Protein
CB 5.25
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CB 5.17The basic structure of amino acids
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CB 5.17
the20 AminoAcids
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CB 5.20Amino acids connect together to make proteins.
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CB 5.20
Proteins are a string of amino acids
Proteins are the “doers” of the cell.They act as:•Enzymes•Structural Support•Transporters•Signals
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a gene - DNA used to produce RNA or protein
The relationship between DNA and genes
promoter coding region terminator non-geneDNA
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Only a small percent of DNA codes for proteins
CB 19.14
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DNA Composition:In humans:
•Each cell contains ~6 billion nucleotides of DNA.
•This DNA is ~2 meters long and 2 nm wide.
•~98% does not directly code for amino acids
•In a single human cell only about 3-5% of genes are expressed at a time.
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Width of DNA
Length of human DNAin each cell
The length of DNA in each of your cells is longer than you are tall.
Power of Tenhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BBsOeLcUARw
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DNA Composition:In humans:
•Each cell contains ~6 billion base pairs of DNA.
•This DNA is ~2 meters long and 2 nm wide.
•~1.5% directly codes for amino acids
•~25% is genes
•In a single human cell only about 5-10% of genes are expressed at a time.
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a gene - DNA used to produce RNA or protein
The relationship between DNA and genes
promoter coding region terminator non-geneDNA
![Page 17: What is a gene, and what does that have to do with evolution?](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e265503460f94b154bc/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Five Perspectives about Genes:
1. Genes act as units of heredity
2. Genes are seen as a cause of disease
3. Genes code for proteins
4. Genes act as switches, controlling
development
5. Genes are replicators (selfish gene)
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CB 16.2Visualizing the perspectives about genes
Different strains of bacteria are injected into mice.
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CB 16.2 Visualizing the perspectives about genes
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CB 16.2 Visualizing the perspectives about genes
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CB 16.2
What has happened to the bacteria?
Visualizing the perspectives about genes
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CB 16.2
1. Genes act as units of heredity2. Genes are seen as a cause of disease3. Genes code for proteins4. Genes act as switches, controlling
development5. Genes are replicators (selfish gene)
Visualizing the perspectives about genes
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CB 5.25
Genes are the parts of DNA that contain information.
Protein
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CB 16.7In cells, DNA is a double-stranded helix
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Five Definitions of Genes:
1. Genes act as units of heredity
2. Genes are seen as a cause of disease
3. Genes code for proteins
4. Genes act as switches, controlling
development
5. Genes are replicators (selfish gene)
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CB 5.17
?
4 nucleotides in DNA
20 amino acids in proteins
CB 16.5
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How can 4 nucleotides code for 20 amino acids?
IF
Ratio(nucleotide:amino acid) Possible combinations
1:1 41 4
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How can 4 nucleotides code for 20 amino acids?
IF
Ratio(nucleotide:amino acid) Possible combinations
1:1 41 42:1 42 16
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How can 4 nucleotides code for 20 amino acids?
IF
Ratio(nucleotide:amino acid) Possible combinations
1:1 41 42:1 42 163:1 43 64
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How can 4 nucleotides code for 20 amino acids?
IF
Ratio(nucleotide:amino acid) Possible combinations
1:1 41 42:1 42 163:1 43 64
•There are more possible combinations than amino acids.
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CB 17.4
Combinations of 3 nucleotides code for each 1 amino acid in a protein.
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CB 17.5
the Genetic Code
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Changes in DNA can change the protein
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Changes in DNA can change the protein
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The fat cat ate the rat.
change one letter
The zat cat ate the rat.
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The fat cat ate the rat.
change one letter
The zat cat ate the rat.
The atc ata tet her at.
delete one letter
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CB 17.4
Combinations of 3 nucleotides code for each 1 amino acid in a protein.
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Protein
How is DNA used to make proteins and RNA?
Both proteins and RNA are involved in the processes.
CB 5.25
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Differences between DNA and RNA
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Protein
How is DNA used to make proteins and RNA?
Both proteins and RNA are involved in the processes.
CB 5.25
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CB 5.25
Genes act as switches.
The information in genes is what to make and when to make it.
Protein
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a gene
Genes have three basic parts
promoter coding region terminator non-geneDNA
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CB 5.25Genes contain the information to make RNA and/or proteins.
Genes act as switches.
The information in genes is what to make and when to make it. Protein
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1. Genes act as units of
heredity
5. Genes are replicators
(selfish gene)
For life to exist, the information (genes) must be passed on.
CB 13.5
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CB 13.5
As organisms reproduce the DNA is passed on to the next generations.