What is a Coordinating Conjunction?

• A conjunction is like glue. It helps things to stick together.

• A conjunction joins words, phrases, and sentences, which are called clauses.

What is a Conjunction?

• Conjunctions join two or more words.

Example: I went to the store to buy eggs, milk, and bread.

What is a Conjunction?

• Conjunctions can join two prepositional phrases.

Preposition In, on , at, for, from, etc.

Ex. I went skiing down the hill and past the trees.

What is a Conjunction?

• Conjunctions can connect two clauses or sentences.

• When two sentences are joined, a comma MUST be placed before the conjunction.

Ex. I played cards for awhile, but then I played chess.

Types of Conjunctions

• One type of conjunction is the coordinating conjunction.

• They connect words, phrases, and clauses, which are sentences.

• They connect things of equal value. (This means that they would connect a noun with

another noun or a prepositional phrase with another prepositional phrase.)

Types of Conjunctions

• There are seven coordinating conjunctions: Use FANBOYS to remember

for and nor but

or yet so

Types of Conjunctions

• Coordinating conjunctions affect the meaning of your sentence.

• “And” connects things that are alike or joined together.

• Ex. I want popcorn and pizza.

Types of Conjunctions

• Coordinating conjunctions affect the meaning of your sentence.

• “But” is used to connect things that are different or separated.

• Ex. I want popcorn but not pizza.

Types of Conjunctions

• Coordinating conjunctions affect the meaning of your sentence.

• “Or” is used to offer a choice.

• Ex. Do I want popcorn or pizza?

Types of Conjunctions

• Coordinating conjunctions affect the meaning of your sentence.

• “Nor” is used to offer a negative choice.

• Ex. I do not want popcorn nor pizza.

Types of Conjunctions• Coordinating conjunctions affect the

meaning of your sentence.

• “Yet” is used to show a change. When it is used to combine two sentences, you must put a comma before it.

• Ex. I ate 5 bags of chips, yet I also want pizza.

Types of Conjunctions

• Coordinating conjunctions affect the meaning of your sentence.

• “So” is used to show a relationship between things. When it is used to combine two sentences, you must put a comma before it.

• Ex. I want popcorn, so I made some.

Types of Conjunctions

• Coordinating conjunctions affect the meaning of your sentence. (because)

• “For” is also used to show a relationship between things. When it is used to combine two sentences, you must put a comma before it.

• Ex. I ordered a pizza, for I was hungry.

• I ordered a pizza because I was hungry.

Types of Conjunctions

• Another type of conjunction is called correlative conjunctions.

• Correlative conjunctions connect words, phrases, and clauses, which are sentences.

• Correlative conjunctions connect things of equal value.

(This means that they will connect a verb with another verb or a sentence with another sentence.)

Types of Conjunctions

• Correlative Conjunctions are not single words. They work in pairs.

• There are five pairs of correlative conjunctions:

both….and whether….or neither….nor

not only….but also either….or

Examples of Correlative Conjunctions

I saw both the Statue of Liberty and the Empire State Building.

Examples of Correlative Conjunctions

I don’t want neither pickles nor tomatos on my hamburger.

Examples of Correlative Conjunctions

I don’t know whether to play baseball or to play basketball this year.

Examples of Correlative Conjunctions

Either the student or the teacher can answer the question.

Examples of Correlative Conjunctions

Not only do I play the flute, but I also play the clarinet.

Conjunctive Adverbs “float”

• Conjunctive adverbs are sometimes called “floating” adverbs because they can be positioned at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a clause.

Semi-colon (;)

• Two sentences that are closely linked to each other in ideas that I, as a writer, do not want to separate the two sentences so that the readers will understand two ideas as one.

• Also, I don’t want to use a coordinating conjunction to combine the two sentences either.

• Bob is handsome; he is rich.

• Period: Automatically stop

Bob is handsome; he is rich.

• Bob is handsome. He is rich. • Bob is handsome. Moreover, he is rich. • Bob is handsome; he is rich. • Bob is handsome; moreover, he is rich.• Bob is handsome; he is rich, moreover. • I do not like cold weather. For example, cold

weather bothers me. • I do not like cold weather; for example, cold

weather bothers me.

CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB:IN THE beginning

Bob is handsome. He is rich.

Bob is handsome; moreover, he is rich.

1.Bob is handsome.

2.Bob is rich.

Punctuation: MUST have a comma after the conjunctive adverb.

CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB:middle

Bob is handsome; he is , moreover, rich.

CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB:AT THE END

Note: Place a comma before a conjunctive adverb

at the end!

Bob is handsome; he is rich, moreover.

Semicolons

• “If the relation between the ideas expressed in the main clauses is very close and obvious without a conjunction, you can separate the clauses with a semicolon” (Little, Brown Handbook, 9th Edition, p. 361).

COMPOUND SENTENCE:SEMICOLON

Matt has benefited from his exercise program; he is slim and energetic.

1. Matt has benefited from his exercise program.

2. He is slim and energetic.

More examples using semicolons with conjunctive Adverbs

- (rather) - The teacher’s explanation did not help

the students comprehension; rather, the explanation confused the whole class.

- The teacher’s explanation did not help the students comprehension. Rather, the explanation confused the whole class.

- (nevertheless- unexpected outcome) - Stephanie failed all her math quizzes;

nevertheless, she passed the class. - Stephanie failed all her math quizzes.

Nevertheless, she passed the class.

How to make my essay cohesive? (Ideas connected to one another and they are clear) There is a flow. 1. Conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs, correlative conjunctions. 2. semi-colons3. thesis, topic sentence, and concluding sentence.

(adding information) In addition, moreover, further more, what’s more, also, as well, besides,

Adding an unexpected/surprising continuation: however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still

To add complete contrast

• In contrast, on the other hand

Add result

• As a result, consequently, therefore, thus

Review Comma rules for coordinating conjunctionsSemi-colon rules for conjunctive adverbs.

Correct the following sentences.

1.Community colleges offer preparation for many jobs; and, they prepare students to transfer to four-year colleges or universities.

2.For example white is the color of wedding in some cultures and of funeral in others.

3.Hawaii has sunshine and friendly people, similarly, Mexico’s weather is sunny and its people are hospitable.

Task

• Construct 5 sentences using conjunctive adverbs that you normally don’t use.

• Use a semi-colon if possible.

Complex Sentence

SUBJECT PREDICATE

SUBJECT PREDICATE

even though

Complex Sentence

Bob is popular

he is ugly.

even though

COMPLEX SENTENCE:SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

EVEN THOUGH

WHEN

BECAUSE

UNLESS

WHEREAS

ADVERB CLAUSES

COMPLEX SENTENCE:SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Bob is popular even though he is ugly.

Clause 1 Clause 2

Independent Dependent

COMPLEX SENTENCE:SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Even though Bob is ugly, he is popular.

Clause 1 Clause 2

Dependent Independent

COMPLEX SENTENCE:SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

When the MAIN clause is first, it is usually NOT

followed by a comma!

Bob is popular even though he is ugly.

COMPLEX SENTENCE:SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

When the ADVERB clause is first, it is followed by a comma!

Even though Bob is ugly, he is popular.

Compound-Complex Sentence

Mike is popular

he is good looking,

because

he is not very happy.

but

COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE:COMBINES BOTH TYPES

Punctuate each clause according to its rules!

Mike is popular because he is good looking, but he is not very happy.

PunctuationReview!

No commas before “and” in compound subjects and predicates!

My friends and I play tennis and go bowling every weekend.

SIMPLE SENTENCE

Comma before coordinating conjunction!

Men may exercise harder, but they may not exercise as regularly as women do.

COMPOUND SENTENCE:

Coordinating Conjunction

Semicolon before conjunctive adverb

Comma after conjunctiveadverb!

Native and nonnative English speakers have different needs; however, some schools fail to distinguish between these groups.

COMPOUND SENTENCE:

Conjunctive Adverb

Semicolon after first independent clause--

Commas before and after conjunctiveadverb!

Native and nonnative English speakers have different needs; some schools, however, fail to distinguish between these groups.

COMPOUND SENTENCE:

Conjunctive Adverb--in the middle

Semicolon after first independent clause--

Comma before conjunctiveadverb!

Native and nonnative English speakers have different needs; some schools fail to distinguish between these groups, however.

COMPOUND SENTENCE:

Conjunctive Adverb at the end

When main clause is first, it is not usually followed by a comma!

People had continuous moderate exercise when they had to hunt for food.

COMPLEX SENTENCE:

Adverb Clauses--Subordinating Conjunction

When the adverb clause is first, it is followed by a comma!

When people had to hunt for food, they had continuous moderate exercise.

COMPLEX SENTENCE:

Adverb Clauses--Subordinating Conjunction

What is an Interjection?

• An interjection is something that interrupts a sentence.

• It is something that also expresses your emotions like happiness, fear, anger, or pain.

• Some examples of interjections are:

ouch, wow, uh oh, oh no, gosh, shhhh

Punctuating Interjections

• If an interjection is spoken calmly, simply put a comma after it and continue the sentence.

Ex. Shhh, the baby is sleeping.

Ex. Oh my, I dropped my pencil.

Punctuating Interjections

• If an interjection is spoken with more emotion, it is followed by an exclamation point. The next word is then capitalized.

Ex. Ouch! I just cut my finger.

Ex. He scored the winning touchdown. Wow!