What is a bridge? EGCE 406 Bridge Design
Transcript of What is a bridge? EGCE 406 Bridge Design
EGCE 406Bridge Design
Praveen Chompreda
Mahidol UniversityFirst Semester, 2007
I. Introduction &Historical Perspective
What is a bridge?Merriam-Webster DictionaryBridge = Structure carrying a pathway or roadway over a depression or obstacle
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Bridges = Any structure having an opening not less than 6100 mm (20ft) that forms part of a highway or that is located over or under a highway
Anything smaller is just a culvert
SOIL
HIGHWAY
culvert
Historical Perspective of Bridge ConstructionPrehistoricRoman Period (70 BC - 476 AD)Middle Ages (500 AD -1500 AD)Inca Civilization (Peru, 1438-1533)Renaissance Period (1400-1600)Industrial Revolution (1700-1900)Twentieth Century (1900-2000)Twenty First Century (2000-2100)
PrehistoricPrehistoric
Bridges were simply logs or bamboo lay over a streamCannot cross over a wide river
Roman PeriodRoman Period (70 BC - 476 AD)
Roman discovered natural cement. Pozzolana is a loosely coherent volcanic sand found in Pozzoli near Naples. When mixed with lime, hydraulic cement is formed.Builders of Roman Empire built mostly stone arch bridges. Wood was scarce and had to be used economically.8 stone arch bridges were built, 6 still remain in rometoday
Roman Empire
117-180 AD
Roman Period
Ponte de Tiberio (27 BC to 14 AD) Rimini, Italy
Middle Ages
Middle Ages (500 AD -1500 AD)The bridge building and cement technology was lost after the fall of Roman Empire. Not much activity for about 1,000 years.Bridges were used to control traffic and as means of defenseHeavy stone structure with narrow openingsThe bridge knowledge had to be re-learned about 1100-1500 AD
Middle Ages
Old London Bridge(1176-1206)London, UK
Middle Ages
Old London Bridge(1176-1206)London, UK
Middle Ages
Chapel Bridge (Kapellbrücke) (original 1333, partly rebuilt in 1993)Lucerne, Switzerland204 m long wooden bridge
Middle Ages
Pont Valentre (1308 to 1355)France
Inca CivilizationInca Civilization (Peru, 1438-1533)
Rope bridge was developed around 1400 AD. This is an early type of suspension bridge
RenaissanceRenaissance Period (1400-1600)
Many of the Roman knowledge were rediscovered, including bridge buildingTruss was first invented but not widely used until later period
Rialto Bridge, over the Grand Canal (1591) | Venice, Italy | 26.8 m span
Renaissance
Pont Neuf (1578-1607)Paris, France
Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution (1700-1900)
Age of ReasonDevelopment of steam engines to replace manual laborIron was first used in bridges in 1750Perfect masonry arch was developed
Westmister Bridge (1750)London, UK
Industrial Revolution
Railway Bridge (1845-1851)
Goltzsch Valley, Germany
31 m span
Industrial Revolution
Wood truss bridge was the firstkind of truss structureSeveral types of trussed weredeveloped
Isar River BridgeMunich, Germany
Industrial Revolution
Lederer BridgeAmberg, Germany
Bridge over Neckar River Germany
Industrial Revolution
Types of Timber Truss
Industrial Revolution
Coalbrookdale Bridge (1785) UK 30.5 m span iron bridge
Iron was first used in bridges during this period in about 1750
Industrial Revolution
Steel started to replace wrought iron in the late 1880sSteel is stronger and more ductile, which allows engineers to build a bigger bridge
Firth of Forth Bridge (1890)Scotland
521m span
Industrial Revolution
Suspension bridge was invented just before the 20th century
John RoeblingBridge(completed 1866)Cincinnati,Ohio
322 m span
Industrial Revolution
Brooklyn Bridge (completed 1883)New York, USAalso designed by John Roebling
Industrial Revolution
London Tower Bridge (1894)London, UK
Twentieth Century
Twentieth Century (1900-2000)Iron was completely replaced by Steel Steel Truss bridge was widely used in the early periodPrestressed Concrete was developed by Fressinet in 1940sSuspension Bridge was popular for long-span bridgesCable-Stayed Bridge was first developed
Twentieth Century
Railroad Bridges (1906-1909) Landwasser Gorge, Switzerland55 m span
Twentieth Century
Sydney Harbor Bridge (1938)Sydney, Australiaparabolic arch 503m span
Twentieth Century
Golden Gate Bridge (1937)San Francisco, USA1280 m span
Twentieth Century
Columbia River Bridge USA 1950 ft span
Twentieth Century
Mackinac Bridge (1957)Michigan, USA
1158 m span
Twentieth Century
Kocher Viaduct (1972) Germany
Twentieth Century
Sunshine Skyway Bridge (1987)Tampa, Florida366 m span
Twentieth Century
Akashi Kaikyo Bridge (1998) Japan 1991m central span
Twenty First Century
Gateshead Millennium Bridge (2000)Gateshead, UK126m span
Twenty First Century
Millau Viaduct (2004)Millau, France341 m high (tallest in the world)342 m span
Twenty First Century
Millau Viaduct (2004)Millau, France