What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?
-
Upload
hanae-sparks -
Category
Documents
-
view
17 -
download
0
description
Transcript of What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?
![Page 1: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?
![Page 3: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
A steam engine is an example of a heat engine.
In goes heat
Qin
QoutOut goes less heat
Wout
And the difference is work
![Page 4: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Heat engines have been harnessed to do all kinds of work for us.
![Page 5: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
They come in all kinds of designs but basically do the same thing.
RX-7 Rotary Engine
![Page 6: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Ever since they were invented, it was desired to improve their efficiency.
To use less coal to do the same job saves $$.
Enter Sadi Carnot, a French Engineer early 1800’s
![Page 7: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Most engineers at the time were looking for ways to tweak designs for better efficiency.
Carnot wanted to find the maximum efficiency nature would allow. In the process, he founded the field of
THERMODYNAMICS
As an engineer he was lousy and never built anything of note,but as a scientist his contributions have long outlasted any designs because developed the fundamental understanding.
![Page 8: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Thermodynamics:
The study of heat and its transformation into mechanical energy.
Most of modern thermodynamics can be understood with a little common sense and an understanding of conservation of energy.
heat motion
![Page 9: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
1st off, heat flows from high temperature objects to low temperature objects, until they are at the same temperature.
They are now at the same temperature or THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM
![Page 10: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The 0th law of thermodynamics.
A
B
C
If both A and C are in thermal equilibrium with B, then A and C are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
This is the common sense bit….
![Page 11: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The 1st law of thermodynamics: (in laymen's terms)
When energy is added to a system, it has to be somewhere!
Q
Now remember a hot cup of coffee is not going to suddenly shoot up a hill. Even though the atoms have a lot of kinetic energy. This is because the atoms are bouncing around randomly
![Page 12: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The 1st law of thermodynamics: (in laymen's terms)
When energy is added to a system, it has to be somewhere!
Q
In this case heat was added and the internal energy of the system increased. The atoms move faster. But the cup of coffee doesn’t take off. Why?
U
![Page 13: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Since this is not A ChE class,
U ONLY if there is a change in TEMPERTURE
Change in internal energy means change in temperature. T =0 U =0
![Page 14: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Hint: W__ __ __ = E
What causes the transfer of energy???
![Page 15: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
An expanding piston of gas can do work on a wheel or something.In doing so energy has left the gas.
dW = F d How does the gas
exert a force on the piston?
![Page 16: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
d
W = F d
F = P A
A W = P (A d)d
V
![Page 17: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
W = PVLet’s not worry about signs just yet.
But was work done ON the gas, or did the gas DO work in this case?Did the gas gain or lose energy?
![Page 18: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Volume (m3)
Pre
ssu
re (
Pa)
A gas is compressed at a constant pressure (I guess it is was cooled)How much work is done on the gas?
W = PV
![Page 19: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Volume (m3)
Pre
ssu
re (
Pa)
The work done is equal to the AREA UNDER THE CURVE in a P vs V graph!!!!
W = PV
![Page 20: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
W = PV
If no heat is added to the gas while the piston expands is the pressure of the gas constant?
![Page 21: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Volume (m3)
Pre
ssu
re (
Pa)
How much work did the gas do on the piston here?
![Page 22: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The 1st law of thermodynamics can be summed up two ways.
The change in energy of a system is equal to how much it gains minus how much it loses! AKA Conservation of Energy
OR……
U = Q + W
The equation sheet has Q – W. BUT let’s just use common sense and take the perspective of the gas. Remember Fs = -kx
PV
![Page 23: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
U = Q + W
A system gains 50 J of heat and 20 J of work is done on it by compressing it.
Find U, does the temperature increase or decrease?
A system gains 50 J of heat and does 20 J of work while expanding.
A system loses 50 J of heat and does 20 J of work while expanding.
A system loses 50 J of heat and 20 J of work is done on it by compressing it.
![Page 24: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Some terms for processes:
Isothermal: ___________ doesn’t change
Isobaric:_____________ doesn’t change
Isochoric:____________ doesn’t change
Adiabatic: ___________ does not flow in or out.Q= 0
Temperature
Pressure
Volume
Heat
Leave some space to add notes
![Page 25: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
In an adiabatic process, let’s say a piston of air is compressed. What is zero?
U = Q + W0 +
Is work positive or negative?
What does this tell us?
+
It gets hotter, remember the fire syringe??It happened too quickly for the heat to escape…
Adiabatic, Q=0
PV
![Page 26: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
1.) Fuel and air in
2.) Compression
3.) Ignition and expansion
4.) Exhaust
Diesel engines don’t have spark plugs, how does the fuel ignite?
![Page 27: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
A sample of gas contained in a piston is very well insulated. It is allowed to expand adiabatically.
U = Q + W
No heat can come in or out.0 J
Gas does work on surroundings.(-)
Must lose Internal Energy. (-, Cools)
Try breathing slowly on your hand and the blowing through pursed lips
![Page 28: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
How does doing work on a piston reduce the temperature of an expanding gas? Consider the elastic collision below
Gas atom Piston
![Page 29: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Compressing a gas and doing work on it increases its temperature..
![Page 30: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Fire syringe demo
![Page 31: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Warm humid air
Air expands and cools forming rain.
Dry air forms desert.
Mojave Desert
Pacific Ocean
![Page 32: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
In an isothermal process, 50 J of heat is added to a gas, what is zero
U = Q + W0 +
Is work positive or negative?
What does this tell us?
?
Heat is added so it must do work (negative work to lose energy)
Isothermal, U=0
PV
![Page 33: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
A piston of gas is packed with ice to maintain a temperature of 0oC. As the cylinder is compressed. What happens
U = Q + W0 - +
![Page 34: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
In an isochoric process, 50 J of heat is added to a gas, what is zero
U = Q + W0+
Is work positive or negative?
What does this tell us?
Heat is added, it can’t do work, so the energy just goes to increasing temperature
Isochoric, V=0
PV+
![Page 35: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
In an isobaric process, what is zero
U = Q + W
What does this tell us?
Just crunch the numbers. You know P
Isobaric, P=0
PV
![Page 36: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Volume (m3)
Pre
ssu
re (
Pa)
What type of process is this
Isochoric, V=0
![Page 37: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Volume (m3)
Pre
ssu
re (
Pa)
What type of process is this
Isobaric, P=0
![Page 38: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
In an isothermal change we know that what 2 things about a gas are constant?
U = Q + W
Temperature & Internal Energy
![Page 39: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
If the temperature of a gas is constant, then we know based on the ideal gas law….
P V = n R T
Constant
Ideal Gas Constant
Constant assuming that ….
![Page 40: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
P V = constant
In an isothermal change
The value of a the constant depends on the starting conditions of the gas:Temperature, moles, pressure etc….
Let’s pick a constant and see what a P vs V looks like for it.
![Page 41: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
P V = constantI like easy numbers, Let’s make the starting conditions for everything 1.Here we assume temperature is constant.What direction is heat flow?
Pre
ssur
e
Volume
![Page 42: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Volume (m3)
Pre
ssu
re (
Pa)
A gas is allowed to expand isothermally and adiabatically. In which case does it do more work on its surroundings?
Isothermal
Adiabatic
Heat is absorbed andmore work is done.
![Page 43: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Volume (m3)
Pre
ssu
re (
Pa)
A
A gas is put through a process that starts and ends at point A.Determine the following for the completed cycle.a.) The change in internal energy.b.) The net work on the gas.c.) The heat flow
![Page 44: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Volume (m3)
Pre
ssu
re (
Pa)
A
Note that for a cyclical process Q = W watch signs
Or in the case of a heat engine the net work out is equal to the net heat in.
![Page 45: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
A gas can be brought from point A to B two ways.AD – gas is compressed near a heat sink to remove heatDB- gas is heated but volume is held constant.
Or the gas can be heated isothermally, allowed to expand to cool doing work on it surroundings to keep the temperature down
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Volume (m3)
Pre
ssu
re (
Pa)
Isothermal
Isobaric
Isoc
hori
c
A
B
D
How much work is done on the gas going from ADB?
& Heat flow?
![Page 46: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
The 2nd law of thermodynamics.
It has to do with things that tend to occur spontaneously,that is naturally withoutsome guided help.
Things naturally go from “ordered” states to disordered states unless some WORK is put in.ENTROPY
![Page 47: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
It is not a true law that can’t be broken.It is just statistically VERY unlikely for things with a lot of possible states like a container of atoms
If the cards start sorted by suit, and you shuffle them or throw them in the air. What are the odds they will remain sorted to your liking?
![Page 48: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
If an egg is dropped and hits the ground, energy is converted to heat. If that heat energy spontaneously put the egg back together it would not violate the law of conservation of energy.
How long would you need to wait for that to happen?
![Page 49: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
The 2nd law of thermodynamics.
Heat flows naturally from a hot object to a cold object.Heat will not flow spontaneously from a cold object to a hot one.
And it is impossible to have a heat engine with 100% efficiency.
![Page 50: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
How hard is it to convert work to heat with 100% efficiency?
Easy rub your hands together.
Now do the reverse, get the heat to move your hands back and forth?
The randomness of heat makes it hard to corral.
![Page 51: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
A heat engine attempts to take the randomness of heat energy and squeezes useful work out of it.
Heat source
Heat sink
Heat engine
QH
QC
WAll we can hope to do is skim some off the top before the heat does what it does naturally.
![Page 52: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Heat source
Heat sink
Heat engine
QH
QC
W
A car engine is an example
Heat from burning fuel
Work to get the car moving
Heat out exhaust pipe and radiator
![Page 53: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
QH
W
QC
![Page 54: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Their must be a heat sink create a pressure difference and keep the fluid moving.
![Page 55: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Just like there needs to be a height difference to keep the water moving. And note we only can capture some of the water’s energy here as well.
![Page 56: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
If the top were higher or the bottom were lower we could capture more energy from the water.
![Page 57: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Recall that for a cyclical process,
Net Work Out = Net Heat In
W= QH - QC
![Page 58: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
The efficiency of an engine is how much work we get out vs. how much heat we must feed it.
e =W
QH
W= QH - QC
e =QH
QH - QC
![Page 59: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
An engine pulls 450 J of input heat and releases 250 J of waste heat. What is its efficiency and how much work did it do?
![Page 60: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Cyclical processes occur in all heat engines. In a combustion engine it is a batch process.
![Page 61: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
In the case of a power plant it is a continuous process in a loop.
![Page 62: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
The cycle for the heat engine that would have the Highest Efficiency nature would allow was devised by Sadi Carnot. (remember him?)
![Page 63: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
1.) Isothermal Expansion
QH
2.) Adiabatic Expansion
3.) Isothermal Compression
QC
4.) Adiabatic Compression
The Carnot Cycle
![Page 64: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
The Highest possible efficiency is given by the Carnot Efficiency
ec
=TH - TC
TH
![Page 65: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
A natural gas power plant will generate high pressure superheated steam at about 500oC to drive a turbine and then can cool the condensate back to 25oC using outside air temperature. What is the ideal (Carnot) efficiency of the power plant?
How could the efficiency be improved?
![Page 66: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
ec
=TH - TC
TH
According to Carnot’s theory, what is the only way to get a heat engine to have an efficiency of 100%? (ec = 1)
Can we ever do this?
Would it make financial sense to use liquid nitrogen as a heat sink?
![Page 67: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Heat source
Heat sink
Heat engine
QH
QC
W
Heat source
Heat engine
QH
W
![Page 68: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Remember the 2nd law of thermodynamics.
Heat flows naturally from a hot object to a cold object.Heat will not flow spontaneously from a cold object to a hot one.
Is it possible to pump heat from inside a cold container to the warmer outside surroundings?
![Page 69: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Heat engine
QH
QC
W
A heat pump (like a refrigerator or air conditioner) works like a heat engine in reverse.
Work is added and heat is pumped from a cold source to a warmer source
![Page 70: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
1.) Cool low pressure Freon gas enters the compressor
2.) Hot high pressure Freon gas exits the compressor ~110oF
3.) The gas is cooled to outside temperature and liquefies under the high pressure
4.) The cool liquid flows through a restriction. The other side is low pressure and the liquid expands to form a mixture of COLD Gas and liquid ~40oF
5.) The COLD liquid boils absorbing heat from inside the house.
![Page 71: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
the “A” coil
![Page 72: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Translational KE
Vibrational KE
Rotational KE
PE between units
+-
PE within bonds
+-
Recall that the internal energy (U) of a substance in “stored” in a variety of ways.
![Page 73: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
However, the change in internal of a substance (U),can be measured very easily by measuring a change in its….
Temperature
U = Q + WPV
If I add some heat (Q) to a substance when do I know that all of it will go to increasing the internal energy of a substance.
![Page 74: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
If its volume is constant… V = 0
U = Q + WPV
All of the heat added, increases the internal energy of the gas.
![Page 75: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Q = U
Q = m cV T
U = m cV T
For a gas
![Page 76: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
The heat capacity of a gas at constant pressure (Cp) is more because it will do work and therefore lose energy from its internal energy
Q
![Page 77: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
For a solid CP and CV are about the same because when you heat a solid…
Q
![Page 78: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Now Heat Capacity can be expressed in different ways
cv
Cv
Jkg oC
Jmol oC
U = m cV T
U = n CV T
![Page 79: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
2.1 moles of a gas is brought from 2.3x105 Pa to 4.8x105 Pa at a constant volume of 12 x 10-3 m3. If the gas has a CV of 15 J/mol K, determine the temperature of each state and its change in internal energy.
![Page 80: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
P
V
a
c b
d
In going from state a to state b along acb, the system does 60 J of work and absorbs 90 J of heat. What is the change in internal energy between points a & b
Uab = +30
![Page 81: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
P
V
a
c b
d
a.) If the system goes from state b to state a along the curved path it absorbs 20 J of heat in the process, what is the work in the same process?
Uab = +30
Uba = -30 J = Q + W+20
W=-50
![Page 82: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
P
V
a
c b
d
b.) If the system absorbs 50 J of heat while moving along the path along the path of adb, what is Wadb?
Uab = +30
Uab = +30 = Q + W+50
Wad = -20 J
![Page 83: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
P
V
a
c b
d
If Pc = 10 Pa, What is Wacb
Uab = +30
Wad = -20 J
Wad = -20 J = Pa* V
Wbc= PC* V Wbc= 200 J
![Page 84: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
P
V
a
c b
d
c.) If Ua = 0 and Ud = 10, what is Qdb?
Uab = +30
Ubd = +20 = Q + W
Qdb = + 20
Wad = -20 J
![Page 85: What innovation drove the industrial revolution in the 1800’s?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56813347550346895d9a4431/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
P
V
a
c b
d
In going from state a to state b along acb, the system does 60 J of work and absorbs 90 J of heat.
d.) For the cyclical process adbda, determine the signs of …. U _____, W ______, and Q_______.0 -+