What increases obedience? Setting Culture Power to punish Consensus Authoritarian personality...
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Transcript of What increases obedience? Setting Culture Power to punish Consensus Authoritarian personality...
What increases obedience?
• Setting
• Culture
• Power to punish
• Consensus
• Authoritarian personality
• Uniform
What increases obedience?• Situational Factors: Setting: Physical
environment • Culture: Collective high, Individualistic low• Power to punish: In lab coat high, normal clothes
low• Consensus: Sheep, more people disobey more
people will follow• Dispositional Factors: Authoritarian personality:
High obedience• Bickman: Uniform: Guard high, milkman medium,
jacket and tie low• Prisons: Uniform and power to punish• Schools: Behaviour for Learning, hierarchy
Attachment Insecure- ambivalent
Hazen and Shaver Critical Period
Love Quiz Two way process between parent and child
Monotropy Care of children in nurseries
Stranger anxiety Reinforcement
Separation Protest Strange situation
Sample unrepresentative Rewards
Critical Period Care of children in hospitals Secure attachment
Nature Nurture
Questionnaire Deprivation
Clear relationship between the type of attachment Privation
as infants and as adults
Hospitals
Insecure-avoidant Problems of people being honest
Definitions
Attachment Secure Attachment
Insecure-Ambivalent Strange situation
Insecure avoidant
Separation Protest Stranger anxiety
Bowlby’s Theory of Attachment
Monotropy Critical Period
Deprivation
Privation and secure/insecure attachments Nature
Behaviourist TheoryReinforcement nurtureReward two way process
Hazen and Shaver
Love Quiz Questionnaire
Problems of people being honest
Unrepresentative sample
AttachmentApplications:
Hospitals and care of children in nurseries
Memory
• Work out what order the key terms are in and which theory/definition. Then as a group decide on the explanation of that theory or model.
• Which memory aid could help you to remember this model? Explain how you could use it!
Definitions and Real Life Applications
Input Encoding Storage Retrieval Output
Accessibility and Availability problems
Information Processing approach
Real Life Application: Memory Aids
Use of cues for Reconstructions
Imagery
Mind maps
Core Theory: Multi-store model
Sensory Memory Store
Short-Term Memory (STM)
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
Displacement/ Forgetting
DecayBrian DamageForgetting
Rehearsal/ Transfer of information
Attention
RetrievalOutput
Input from your sensesCriticisms: Too rigid and no account of individual differences
Too simple STM and LTM
Too much emphasis on the role of rehearsal.
You need the mode (all definitions), forgetting and criticisms
Alternative Theory:
Levels of Processing
We don’t need to rehearse to remember. If something is meaningful and significant it will go in!
•No different memory stores
•Deep processing: Coding information for meaning. Read a piece of writing and try to understand what it means and we are more likely to recall.
•Shallow processing: Coding information based on its physical characteristics only (no meaning). Less likely to recall
Core Study: Terry (TV adverts)
Aim: Is a person’s memory affected by time and space?
Method: 10 month old TV adverts in a lab experiment. 2 groups: Condition 1: recall straight away after seeing clips. Condition 2: recall after a 30 second writing task
Findings/Results: Serial position effect it depended on where the TV advert was to whether you remembered it. Straight away condition: Primacy (first) and Recency (last) effect (more likely to be remembered. Delayed Condition: only the Primacy effect.
Criticisms: Lab experiment so not real life and lacks ecological validity and demand characteristics people do what they think the experimenter wants them to do as it is a memory experiment
Conditioning Definition Pavlov and Dogs
Watson and Rayner: Little Albert (phobia e.g.)
Unconditional
Stimulus
Something that triggers an automatic response
Food Hit steel bar with hammer: noise
Unconditional Response
A response that is natural and does not need to be learnt
Salivate Cry
Neutral stimulus Something that does not trigger a response
Ringing the Bell Playing with white rat
Conditioning/ Association
Learning through association so that certain stimuli are associated with certain responses
Bell rings at same time as food so dog learns to associate food with bell
White rat is given to Little Albert at same time as steel bar is hit behind his head. Little Albert learns to associate noise with white rat
Conditional stimulus
Something that triggers a learnt response
Bell White rat
Conditional response
A response that has been learnt through association
Salivate Cry and try and run off!
Behaviourist Theory: 1. Classical Conditioning Nurture: Learn through Association: A phobia is learnt because the fear has become associated with a particular object or experience. Methods of Pavlov and Little Albert
Behaviourist Theory 2: Operant conditioning: Behaviourist Nurture: Learn through ReinforcementSkinners box: You learn through reinforcement either positive or negative. The rat in the box is rewarded every time he presses the lever down as he receives food (pellets). The operant is the behaviour of the rat (pushing the pedal) and the Reinforcer (food)
How does this work for phobias? We learn to have a phobia because of the consequences of our actions. We are more likely to repeat behaviour if we have a reward and less likely to repeat if we have a punishment. A small child is scared of the dark, parent comforts child and child likes this so starts to show even more fear of the dark to get more hugs! This could lead to a phobia of the dark because we have been rewarded: Positive reinforcement
Evaluation/Limitations
1. The theory only focuses on people’s behaviour and does not investigate people’s thinking 2. Behaviourists believe that you need to have directly experienced the situation, object or animal you are scared of. There is the nature argument instead which says we have instincts to be scared of certain situations, animals etc… the Evolutionary Theory
Phobias: Core Theory
Sex and Gender: Sex Gender
Masculinity Femininity Androgyny
Biological Theory v Psychodynamic Theory
Core Theory: BruceReal Life Applications