What factors influence behavior? How does evolution influence behavior? Explain examples of learned...
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Transcript of What factors influence behavior? How does evolution influence behavior? Explain examples of learned...
• What factors infl uence behavior?• How does evolution infl uence behavior?• Explain examples of learned vs. innate
behaviors?
NERVOUS SYSTEM AND ANIMAL
BEHAVIOR
Compare and contrast Bird brains and human brains
The nervous system receives and interprets signals
Neurons – specialized cells that receive and respond to stimuli
Nerves – bundles of neurons
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
3 categories of neurons:1. Sensory neurons
carry information to the CNS
2. Motor neurons carry information away from CNS toward eff ector tissue
3. Interneurons are located between sensory and motor neurons
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Sensory receptors – detect sensory input• These are neurons or other
cells that communicate with sensory neurons
• They detect changes in conditions inside or outside the body
The spinal cord also is a refl ex center
Refl exes – automatic responses to stimuli
Refl ex arc – prewired circuit of neurons Sensory neuron receiving stimulus Interneuron transmitting
information Motor neuron sending message to
muscle Refl exes allow a person to react
quickly to dangerous stimuli
Withdrawal refl ex – when touching something hot The pain stimulus travels from the spinal cord to
the brain and takes a little longer than the refl ex
You have removed your hand from the heat before you feel the pain
The brain is where decisions are reached and bodily activities are directed and coordinated
The human brain is roughly the size of a small cantaloupe
21.2 THE BRAIN
The brain is housed in the skull and sits inside a liquid bath called the cerebrospinal fluid for protection and cushioning
THE BRAIN
Largest part of brainContains many folds and bumps
Sulci vs. gyriCorpus callosum is found b/t the L
and R Responsible for reasoning,
intellectual fxn and critical thinking
CEREBRUM
CEREBELLUM
Regulates balancebody positionPostureMuscle coordination
MidbrainPonsMedulla oblongata
BRAIN STEM
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
Vital Reflex center
Visceral activities: blood pressure, respiratory
cardiac
Part of the brain stem
Injuries often fatal
PONS
b/t midbrain and medulla oblongata
Regulates rate and depth of breathing
Homeostatic mechanisms
1. The temporal lobe involved in auditory and some visual information; memory and emotion
2. Occipital lobe processes visual information from eyes…
3. Parietal lobe processes information from touch; self-awareness
4. Frontal lobe processes involuntary muscle movements; planning and organizing future expressive behavior
CEREBRUM There are 2 hemispheres, each divided into 4 lobes
Cerebral cortex – wrinkled outer surface
If unfolded, a human cerebral cortex would be the size of a 16’ pizza Lots of surface area in a
small space Fissure – deep groove
dividing the cerebrum and cortex Divided into right and left
cerebral hemispheres
Corpus callosum – bundle of nerve fi bers at base of fi ssure – l inking two hemispheres
Functions of the brain are divided between the right and left hemispheres The left hemisphere
controls the right half of the body
The right hemisphere controls the left half of the body
The left hemisphere controls speech, reading and abil ity to solve mathematical problems
The right hemisphere controls spatial abil ity and musical and artistic creation
THE BRAIN
1. Medulla oblongata located here.2. Regulates balance3. Cerebral cortex is located here4. Capacity for intellectual function resides here5. Breathing rate is regulated here6. Has folded layers with bumps and grooves7. Regulates posture8. Contains the corpus collosum9. Pons located here10. Leads to spinal cord
CEREBELLUM, CEREBRUM, OR BRAIN STEM
Neurons are highly specialized cells that usually don’t divide
Damage to neurons can’t be repaired by cell division – many times results in permanent impairment
NEURON STRUCTURE
DendritesSomaAxon terminalsAxon
Many neurons have axons covered in a protective layer – myelin sheath – that insulates to prevent sideways transmission Increases speed of
transmission (100x) composed mainly of
lipids and is white like animal fat
Nervous tissue of myelinated cells is called white matter
NEURON STRUCTURE
Gray matter are unmyelinated neurons
Transmit impulses slower
NEURON STRUCTURE
•Potassium channels are ‘leaky’ and allow potassium to passively move to the outside•The sodium-potassium pump in the neuron membrane moves sodium out and potassium in•Using ATP, the sodium-potassium pump moves 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ in•This restores the potassium levels in the cell
•The depolarization – loss of charge difference – moves in a wave down the cell
Repolarization – when potassium ions leave and internal cel l state is more negative than outside
After traveling along the axon, the signal must be passed along to the next neuronMost neurons are not physically connected
Synapse – the gap between two neurons
SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION
COMMUNICATION BETWEEN NEURONS, OR MUSCLES, OR GLANDS
ANIMATIONS OF SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter10/animation__function_of_the_neuromuscular_junction__quiz_3_.html
What would occur if the neurotransmitter stayed in the synapse? After the neurotransmitter
causes the response Removed from synapse Enzymes break down
neurotransmitters Reuptake – some
neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron
By enzymatical ly breaking down and reuptake of neurotransmitters, there is no continuous st imulation of the postsynaptic cel l
SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION
http://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih2/addiction/default.htm
Chemicals that are released from one neuron at the presynaptic nerve terminal. Neurotransmitters then cross the synapse where they may be accepted by the next neuron at a specialized site called a receptor.
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
Released from brain and ANS Adrenal gland
ExcitatorySense of feeling goodMonoamineCan be used to manage hypertension
NOREPINEPHRINEAKA: ADRENALIN
DOPAMINE
Released from brain (CNS) hypothalamus
Receptors: heart, kidneys, bld vessels
Inhibitorysense of feeling goodParkinson’s Diseaseamine
SEROTONIN
Brain (CNS)Regulates endocrine
activity (hormonal controls)
Leads to sleepinessControls sleep/wake cycles
amineInadequate amounts:
Severe depression and obsessive/compulsive disorders, anger issues, and eating disorders
NeuropeptideProduced in brain (CNS)Pain relief: inhibitoryReleased in times of pain or stressElevated levels cause disease known as Addison’s
diseaseStructure is similar to???
morphine
ENDORPHINS
Depression is a diseaseFeelings of helplessness and despair and thoughts of suicide
It may involve three neurotransmittersSerotonin & dopamine (inhibitory) and norepinephrine (excitatory)
NEUROTRANSMISSION, ALZHEIMER’S, DEPRESSION, PARKINSON’S, AND ADD
Parkinson’s disease is a malfunctioning of neurons that produce dopamine, causing nerve cells to fire without regulation Tremors, rigidity and
slowed movements
ADD may be due to abnormal levels of dopamine
Dopamine controls emotions as well as complex movements
May be due to overabundance of dopamine receptors on presynaptic cells – too much reuptake
NEUROTRANSMISSION, ALZHEIMER’S, DEPRESSION, PARKINSON’S, AND ADD
Ritalin is thought to increase dopamine’s abil ity to stimulate postsynaptic cells Block reuptake receptors in
presynaptic cells Dopamine in synapse longer
Stimulants in high doses result in Euphoric feeling More energy and endurance Sense of power Feeling of mental sharpness
After the stimulants wear off , user feels Heightened fatigue Insomnia Poor concentration Irritability Tearfulness Depression
RITALIN®
DRUGS ALTER CHEMISTRY IN THE BRAIN….ALTERING BEHAVIOR!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90cj4NX87Yk
LABEL THE NEURON BELOWMYELIN, NUCLEUS, DENDRITE, AXON TERMINAL, SHWANN CELL , SOMA,
NODES OF RANVIER
1
5
43
26
7
SENSORY STRUCTURES
ACCOMMODATION
TAPETUM LUCIDUM
ComponentsBehavior: an action that
an individual carries out in a response to a stimulus
Stimulus: action or agent that changes activity of an organism
Response: biological reaction resulting from a stimulus
Examples Noise startlesBacterial produce an
immune response
ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
ANIMAL BEHAVIORS
Behavioral Cycles(responds to natural cycles )
Social Behavior(Interactions with others thru)
Competition And
Aggression
Communication(Depends on senses)
SeasonalEx: Migration
DailyEx: Circadian rhythms
1. Courtship2. Building
homes3. Hunting4. Protection5. Fighting
rivals
Claim or protect territory
1. Visual signals
2. Chemical signals
3. Sound4. language
Survival strategies1. Foraging:2. Anti-predator behavior3. Cyclic behavior (seasoning, circadian rhythms)
How does nocturnal behavior benefit some animals but not others?
Modes of Communication1. Signals help influence behavior of animals
(chemicals, tough, sound, language)
Reproductive Strategies Social Territorial Courtship (sexual selection, competition) Prenatal care Cooperative behaviors
CLASSES OF BEHAVIOR
HOW DOES THE BODY RESPOND?
Sensory systems gather information about the environment
The info will trigger responses to the nervous system which a produces a response
INFLUENCES ON BEHAVIOR( INTERNAL VS. EXTERNAL)
Genes (Nature)
May increase the likelihood that an organism will display a behavior
Tongue rolling, nocturnal activity, aggressiveness
Environment (Nurture)
Helps to determine what traits are displayed
Natural selection
Traits are favored that increase an individual’s reproductive success.
Over time, those beneficial traits become more and more common in the population
Lions
Male lions will kill all lion cubs after taking over a tribe.
Why?
EVOLUTION OF BEHAVIOR
Natural selection favors traits that increase an organisms reproductive success.
EVOLUTION OF BEHAVIOR
Innate behavior
Fixed action patterns Triggered by a
stimulus in the environment and do not stop once the behavior has begun.
Learned behavior
Habituation An animal learns to
no longer respond to a frequent harmless or unimportant stimulus
Reasoning Problem solving
Classical Condition
Operant conditioning
ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING
ImprintingOccurs when an animal develops a particular response to an object or organism only during a brief period early in life.
What are the benefits of imprinting?
SENSITIVE PERIODS
Foraging Behavior
CLASSES OF BEHAVIOR: SURVIVOR
Woodpecker https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wugUc0fi54k
FORAGING
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RamV-AjID8E
ANTI-PREDATORY BEHAVIOR
Sight
CLASSES OF BEHAVIOR: COMMUNICATION
CUCKOO BEHAVIOR
European cuckoos exhibit brood parasitism Female lays eggs in a nest
of another bird Once the eggs hatch, it
reacts to any other object in the nest by pushing it out…thus it receives all the parental care from the surrogate parents
Soon, it becomes larger than the parent that is trying to fee it.
Please answer questions on ½ y.o.p.
1. What is the fundamental unit of the Nervous System?
2. What part of the brain is responsible for motor coordination and balance?
3. What part of the brain controls vital organs? (like breathing rate/depth)
4. Describe how do neurons communicate with each other?
5. What are the two categories of animal behaviors?
6. Discuss how behaviors are influenced?
REVIEW QUESTIONS