What does ‘community policing’ mean? Dr Alistair Henry (University of Edinburgh) Dr Megan...
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Transcript of What does ‘community policing’ mean? Dr Alistair Henry (University of Edinburgh) Dr Megan...
![Page 1: What does ‘community policing’ mean? Dr Alistair Henry (University of Edinburgh) Dr Megan O’Neill (University of Dundee)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070611/5a4d1bbc7f8b9ab0599d11d0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
What does ‘community policing’ mean?
Dr Alistair Henry (University of Edinburgh)
Dr Megan O’Neill (University of Dundee)
![Page 2: What does ‘community policing’ mean? Dr Alistair Henry (University of Edinburgh) Dr Megan O’Neill (University of Dundee)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070611/5a4d1bbc7f8b9ab0599d11d0/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Overview
1. What is ‘community policing’ (Anglo-American model)?
2. Does ‘community policing’ work in the 21st century?
3. How well does ‘community policing’ translate to other contexts?
4. Discussion groups5. Feedback
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Why community policing
• A response to specific crises for the police• A response to general ‘crises’ in police
effectiveness and legitimacy• A response to the changing nature of
‘community’ and the social order (democracy?)
• A return to ‘traditional’ policing• A response to post-conflict situations
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What is ‘community policing’?
“While everyone talks about it, there is little agreement on meaning.” (Skolnick & Bayley, 1988)• Things that don’t cut it (in themselves)
– Providing police services in the community– Visibility in communities– Intelligence-led or problem-orientated approaches– Community meetings
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Programmatic elements of community policing
• Decentralisation of responsibility within the police• Partnership with other agencies (and communities
themselves)• Community engagement (listening and acting, not just telling)• Proactive and problem-solving• Whole philosophy gives value to it as ‘real’ police work
Skolnick & Bayley: CP = police/community co-production of security (an on-going process)
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Community policing as democratic policing?
• CP arguably congruent with key principles of democratic policing (but not defining of it)– Equity– Delivery of service– Responsiveness– Distribution of power– Information – Redress– ParticipationSee: Jones, Newburn and Smith, 1996
• Is CP possible in non-democratic contexts?
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Community policing in the 21st c.• Can CP adapt to new challenges, such as:
– Diversifying communities– Social media– Fiscal restraint (austerity)?
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Community policing in the 21st c.Diversifying communities, for example:1. Migration across borders (e.g. foreign nationals settling in a
‘community)2. Multi-cultural communities (e.g. ethnicity, religion, social class)3. Transient populations (e.g. students)4. Community = loose ‘networks’ which we choose to join from time to
time, with varying degrees of commitment. Belong to more than one at any time. (Herbert 2006) Constantly shifting entities – no ‘end point’.
Do these pose problems for the idea of a defined, geographic, ‘community’?
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Community policing in the 21st c.Social media:1. Communication across communities2. Communication within a ‘community’, but across geographic borders3. Increased expectations of police communication, responsiveness4. Rapidly changes, unpredictable5. Evidence of police using SM to ‘build’ a sense of community
(O’Connor 2015)→ Is social media an opportunity or a threat to community policing?
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Community policing in the 21st c.Fiscal restraint (austerity measures)1. CP is resource-intensive2. Needs long-term investment and commitment of staff3. Benefits are often not immediately apparent4. CP is often the first to go when policing budgets are
reduced – the police become more reactive, enforcement orientated
Do the benefits of CP outweigh the cost of resourcing it? Should it be protected at all times?
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How well does ‘community policing’ translate?
• Reasons to be very cautious:– Contested notions of ‘community’– ‘Community’ conflict might well have been at the root of
the problem (fissures run deep)– Low police/state legitimacy (implicated in the conflict)– Historical differences in police-citizen relationship, social
ordering & governance– Cultural resistance, implementation failure, resources,
capacities and skills– External interests can trump local interests
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Reasons to be cautiously optimistic• Community conflict and low police legitimacy have not only
been characteristics of FCASs and have been improved through CP elsewhere
• Possibilities of working iteratively – from policing for democracy (getting the basics right for equitable service and security) to democratically responsive policing (a more decisive engagement with community policing)(Aitchison and Blaustein, 2013)
• Possibilities (and dangers?) of mobilising ‘the extended policing family’ and community capacity (Johnston and Shearing, 2003)
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Discussion topics
1. Has your experience been one of ‘community policing’ or of ‘policing communities’? Why?
2. Is community policing possible in non-democratic states? Or is it a competing philosophy?
3. From your perspective, how do we do CP within diversifying communities in times of fiscal restraint?
4. Is social media an opportunity or a threat to community policing? Why?
5. Can we ever know what a ‘community’ is?6. How realistic is it to expect members of the public to
participate in their own security? Are they willing partners?
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Feedback