What do you sense? Book Definition: The stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of...
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Transcript of What do you sense? Book Definition: The stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of...
S E N S A T I O N
O u r s e n s e s h a v e p i c k e d u p a m e s s a g e f r o m t h ee n v i r o n m e n t – v e r y s i m p l y “ T a k i n g i t a l l i n ”
P E R C E P T I O N
I n t e r p r e t i n g w h a t w e s e n s e – M a k i n g s e n s eo u t o f s e n s a t i o n s
Book Definition:
The stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of sensory information into the central nervous system
Book Definition:
The process by which sensations are organized into an inner representation of the world
1. Past Experiences• “Star spangled _______________”
2. Moods, _______________, and Values• Having a bad day and “things” seem to snowball
3. ______________• If you’re hungry, you think about…
4. What the ______________ believes• We have a tendency to, “go along with the
crowd.”
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9940824
'Lucifer Effect' Asks Why Good People Go Bad
http://www.zimbardo.com/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rmwSC5fS40w
http://abcnews.go.com/Video/playerIndex?id=2769000
THE SCIENCE OF EVILHow can ordinary people perform unthinkable acts?ABC News - Primetime
McDonald’s Case - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UFXeXK3szOk
Absolute ____________________ for HumansReading: Ernst Weber – Classic Experiments in Psychology
SENSE STIMULUS RECEPTORS THRESHOLD
Vision Electromagnetic Energy
_______________ & _______________in the retina
A candle flame viewed from a distance of about 30 miles on a dark night
Hearing Sound Waves Hair cells of the inner ear
The ticking of a watch from about 20 feet away in a quiet room
_______________ _______________ substances in the air
Receptor cells in the nose
About one drop of perfume diffused throughout a small house
Taste _______________ substances in saliva
Taste buds on the tongue
About 1 teaspoon of sugar dissolved in 2 gallons of water
Touch Pressure on the skin Nerve endings in the skin
The wing of a fly falling on a cheek from a distance of about 0.4 inches
SENSETYPE OF
DISCRIMINATION
_______________ CONSTANT
(_______________ FRACTION)
VISION Brightness of light 1/60
HEARING Pitch (frequency) of a tone
1/333
Loudness of a tone /TASTE Difference in saltiness 1/5
SMELL Amount of rubber smell
1/10
TOUCH Pressure on the skin surface
1/7
Deep pressure 1/77
Difference in lifted weights /
Where are the following?
Blind spotIrisPupilLensCorneaOptic NerveRetina
FIGURE 4.3 In the human eye, light travelsthrough the pupil to the lens and is then reflected onto the retina. The optic nerve sends the visual information to the brain.
VISUAL PROBLEMSColor Blindness
TrichromatTrichromat – normal color vision
Color BlindColor Blind – sensitive to only black & white
DichromatDichromat – only sensitive to certain colors – partially color blind
Sound
• _______________ - A wave which is created by vibrating objects and transmitted through a medium from one location to another.
• _______________ – having to do with hearing
• _______________ – number of cycles per second as expressed in the unit Hertz.
• _______________ – A unit expressing the frequency of sound waves. One Hertz, or 1Hz, equals one cycle per second.
Is Loudness the same as Amplitude?
• _______________ – height• The higher the amplitude of
a wave, the louder the sound.
• _______________ – A unit expressing the loudness of a sound. Abbreviated dB.
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5044711
Wishing for a Silent Night in Toyland by Michele Norris
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QJlMGsQQeCA
ARTICLE: The Sounds Around UsJanuary 18, 2006
http://bcs.worthpublishers.com/gray/content/psychsim5/launcher.html
PLEASE VISIT THE FOLLOWING WEBSITE: PSYCHOLOGY’S TIMELINE
http://bcs.worthpublishers.com/gray/content/psychsim5/launcher.html
COMPLETE THE INTERACTIVE ACTIVITY FOR PSYCHOLOGY’S TIMELINE. As you progress through the activity, place your cursor over the words in blue for further information. When placing the information “in position” on the timelines, be as precise with the placement of the names/descriptions/etc.(tags) as possible, otherwise the info. will “bounce back.” The “tags” fit in precisely to the right positions.
All Stressed Out EEG and Sleep Stages
Hunger and the Fat Rat
Operant Conditioning
Auditory System Expressing Emotion Iconic Memory Psychology's Timeline
Cognitive Development
Get Smart Mind-Reading Monkeys
Social Decision Making
Computer Therapist Helplessly Hoping My Head Is Spinning Visual Illusions
Descriptive Statistics Hemispheric Specialization
Mystery Client Your Mind on Drugs
PSYCHSIM5 – WORTH PUBLISHERS
Page 87
CONDUCTION DEAFNESS
SENSORY-NEURAL DEAFNESS
STIMULATION DEAFNESS
ARTICLE: Loss of Hearing Can Be Frustrating!
February 14, 2001
Deafness
• Caused by the failure of the three tiny bones inside the middle ear to pass along sound waves to the inner ear or the failure of the eardrum to vibrate in response to sound waves
• Possible cause is a build-up of fluid
• Hearing aids • Normal hearing may
return.
Deafness
• Damage to the inner ear. Most often caused by loss of hair cells that will not regenerate.
• Damage to the auditory nerve.
• Cochlear implants can help patients with this form of deafness.
Deafness
• Exposure to very loud sounds
• Prolonged exposure to 85 dB can cause stimulation loss.
• Ringing sound can mean hair cells have been damaged
Sense of Smell - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_WFlTtPZmE
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4059387Americans Win Nobel for Research on Smell
Seven Basic Odors1. Camphoraceous
Smell depends on shape of odor molecules Example of a camphoraceous odor is
mothballs
2. Etheral Example is cleaning products
3. Floral Examples are flowers
4. Minty Example is gum
5. Musky Example is men’s cologne
6. Pungent Example is vinegar
7. Putrid Example is rotten eggs
ARTICLE: "A Secret Sense in the Human Nose"
ARTICLE: "A Woman's Nose Belongs to Daddy":
The Science of Sex Appeal unsexy scents
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_y8NTaPNQY
http://www.youtube.com/ (time 2:04)
ARTICLE: “Smells aren’t Good or Bad, They’re Learned”
ARTICLE: Just browsing at the mall? That’s what you think. (Sept. 2006)
ARTICLE: Taste and Smell – How does food seem tasteless when you have a cold?
ScentAir website: http://www.scentair.com/index_flash.html
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6577600
“Marketing Campaign Targets Noses at Bus Stops”
http://marketplace.publicradio.org/shows/2006/10/25/PM200610255.html
Dr. Alan Hirsch: Talking About the Science of Smellhttp://www.scienceofsmell.com/
_______________ are created by chemical reactions on your taste buds
Taste is heavily influenced by smell – this is called ____________ _______________
TASTE QUALITIESTASTE QUALITIES
(Get on the Busss!)(Get on the Busss!)
•BB________________
•UU________________
•SS________________
•SS________________
•SS________________
FLAVOR DEPENDS ON…•T___________
•O________
•T_________
•T_________(I T.O.T.T. you about flavor)
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1813416Study: Tastes Form in Infancy
Touch and Pressure• Sensory receptors located around the roots of hair cells fire when surface of
skin is touched.• There are at least ____ basic types of touch receptors in your skin.• One for hot, cold, pain, pressure, touch, and fine touch.
SKIN SENSES*Vision is usually the most dominant of the senses*
• Touch
• Pressure
• Warmth
• Cold
• Pain
Pages 89-92
TOUCH & PRESSURE
Most sensitive – fingertips, lips, noses and cheeks (page 91)
1. nerve endings are more densely packed in the fingertips and face than in other locations
2. a greater amount of sensory cortex is devoted to the perception of sensations in the fingertips and face
___________________– to assess sensitivity to pressure –The least distance by which two rods touching the skin must be separated before the subject will report that there are two rods, not one, on 50% of occasions
TEMPERATURE
Warm & Cold receptors – they adapt and sometimes they fire simultaneously
PAIN
* The more pain receptors located in a particular area of our skin, the more sensitive that area is. (figure 4.9 on page 91)
*Originates at the point of contact* - message is sent from the point of contact to the spinal cord to the thalamus in the brain. Then it is projected to the cerebral cortex where the person registers the location and severity of the pain.
*Release of various chemicals – prostaglandins, bradykinin, P*
* Aspirin & Ibuprofen work by curbing production of prostaglandinshttp://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7654964
______________– pain messengers can’t get through
_______________ – Bodies natural pain killers
Endorphins are inhibitory neurotransmitters. They lock into receptor sites for chemicals that transmit pain messages to the brain. Once the endorphin “key” is in the “lock,” pain-causing chemicals cannot transmit their messages. There are a number of endorphins.
Endorphins also play a role in regulating respiration, hunger memory, sexual behavior, blood pressure, mood, and body temperature.
_______________ – ancient procedures/releasing endorphins
______________ – bogus treatment
______________ – The sense that informs us about the positions and motion of parts of our bodies
______________ __________– The sense of equilibrium that informs us about our bodies’ positions relative to gravity
______________ _____________– the focus of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
______________ _____________– failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
http://viscog.beckman.illinois.edu/grafs/demos/15.html
1. Perceptual Organization
Closure page 93 figure 4.10
Figure-ground page 93 figure 4.11
Proximity page 93-94 figure 4.12 (A)
Similarity page 94 figure 4.12 (B)
Continuity page 94 figure 4.12 (C)
Common fate page 94
VISUAL PERCEPTION
2. Perception of Movement
Stroboscopic Motion* page 95
3. Depth Perception
Monocular Cues:
Perspective background image
Interposition or Overlapping page 96 figure 4.13
Shadowing page 96 figure 4.14
Texture Gradient page 96
Motion parallax page 96
Binocular Cues:
Retinal Disparity* page 96picture - page 97
Convergence page 96
4. Perceptual Constancies
Size page 97
Shape page 99 figure 4.16
Color page 98 figure 4.15
Brightness page 98-99
5. Visual Illusions – when principles of perceptual organization lead to misrepresentations of reality. (page 99)
Height/Width illusion
Interrupted extent
Illusion of contour
Equivocal illusion
Illusion of depth
Illusion of contrast
Non-classified illusion
BINOCULAR CUES FOR DEPTH
RETINAL DISPARITY & CONVERGENCE
MONOCULAR CUES FOR DEPTH
CLEARNESS
TEXTURE GRADIENT
PERSPECTIVE
OVERLAPPING or INTERPOSITION
Shadowing
Optical IllusionsWhen principles of
Perceptional organization lead to
misrepresentations of
reality
Height-Width
Interrupted Extent
Equivocal
Depth
ContrastContour Non Classified
TYPES OF OPTICAL ILLUSIONS 1. HEIGHT-WIDTH ILLUSION
An upright line segment appears longer than a nearby equal horizontal line
2. ILLUSIONS OF INTERRUPTED EXTENT The distance between the portions of an interrupted line or figure appears to shrink
3. ILLUSION OF CONTOUR
An open or empty figure appears to have greater area or capacity than an equal closed or filled figure
4. EQUIVOCAL ILLUSION
The drawing of a three-dimensional object appears to have two or more interpretations
5. ILLUSIONS OF DEPTH
Lines or figures are distorted as the result of a point, line, or figure appearing to be behind or in front of another
6. ILLUSIONS OF CONTRAST
Surrounding lines or figures cause other lines or figures to appear have distorted dimensions or shapes
7. ILLUSION NON-CLASSIFIED
An optical illusion that does not fall into the above categories