ECOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEM

Prepared byAkshat Shah

Presented ByAkshat Shah

Raj ShahDeep ThakerSunny Patel

WHAT WE WILL LEARN TODAY ?•What do we mean by an ecology?

•What do we meant by an ecosystem?

•Types of ecosystem .

•Food chains, ecological pyramid.

•Water ,nitrogen ,oxygen and carbon cycle.

•Some Facts

•Conclusion.

WHAT IS ECOLOGY?

Ecology is the branch of biology that deals with the study of interaction between organism and their environment

ORIGIN OF THE WORD…”ECOLOGY

Greek origin

OIKOS = household

LOGOS = study of…

Study of the “house/environment” in which we live.

ECOLOGY IS STUDY OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN

non-living components in the environment…• light • water• wind• nutrients in soil• heat• solar radiation• atmosphere, etc.

LIVING ORGANISMS…

• Plants• Animals• microorganisms in soil, etc.

ECOLOGY…

views each locate as an integrated whole of interdependent parts that function as a unit

WHAT IS ECOSYSTEM

An ecosystem may be defined as a dynamic system which includes biotic and abiotic environment influencing the properties

of each other and both necessary for the maintenance of life.

BIOTIC

Biotic FactorsBiotic, meaning of or related to life, are living factors. Plants, animals, fungi, protist and bacteria are all biotic or living factors.

ABIOTIC

Abiotic, meaning not alive, are nonliving factors that affect living organisms. Environmental factors such habitat (pond, lake, ocean, desert, mountain) or weather such as temperature, cloud cover, rain, snow, hurricanes, etc. are abiotic factors.

TYPES OF ECOSYSTEMThere are basically two types of ecosystems; 1)Terrestrial .

2)Aquatic.

Terrestrial ecosystems:

Terrestrial ecosystems are found everywhere apart from water bodies. They are broadly classified into:

1)Forest Ecosystem. 2) Desert Ecosystem.

3) Grassland Ecosystem.

TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM1)Forest Ecosystem:

These are the ecosystems where abundance of flora (plants) is seen and they have a large number of organisms living in relatively small areas.

2) Desert Ecosystem:

Desert ecosystems are found in regions receiving an annual rainfall of less than 25cm.

Flora and fauna are very poorly developed and scarce.

3) Grassland Ecosystem:

Grasslands are found in both temperate and tropical regions .

This area mainly comprises of grasses with very little amount of shrubs and trees.

Main vegetation is grasses, and plants are belonging to composite family.

4) Aquatic eco-system:

An aquatic ecosystem is an ecosystem located in a body of water.

It comprises aquatic fauna, flora and the properties of water too.

There are two types of aquatic ecosystems, 1)Marine and 2) freshwater.

5) Marine ecosystem:

Marine ecosystems are the largest ecosystems.

The water in Marine ecosystems has salts and minerals .

In marine ecosystems brown algae, Jelly fish corals, cephalopods, and sharks are found.

http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/Contexts/Life-in-the-Sea/Sci-Media/Animations-and-Interactives/Marine-ecosystem

6) Freshwater Ecosystem:

There are three basic types of freshwater ecosystems

Lentic: Still or slow-moving water like pools, ponds, and lakes.

Lotic: Fast-moving water like streams and rivers.

Wetlands: Places where the soil is saturated or inundated for at least some time.

•Begins with the SUN

•Photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight & chlorophyll C6H12O6 + 6O2

The chemical reaction by which green plants use water and carbon dioxide and light from the sun to make glucose. ENERGY is stored in glucose; glucose is stored as starch

CLASSIFICATION OF CONSUMERSPrimary consumers.

Secondary consumers.

Tertiary consumers.

Consumers that eat producers to get energy are first order or primary consumers

E.g herbivores (plant-eaters such as cow)

A consumer that eats another consumer for energy:

Is called a secondary or second order consumerMay be a carnivore or a herbivore May be a predatorMay be a scavenger

A consumer that eats a consumer that already ate a consumer

Is called a third order or tertiary consumerMay be a carnivore or a herbivore May be a predatorMay be a scavenger

Consumers that eat producers & other consumers Are called omnivores, those eat plants and animals. Eg . Human,dogs etc

SOME DEFINITIONS Consumers that eat other consumers that have already died are called scavengers

Consumers that hunt & kill other consumers are called predators.They animals that are hunted & killed are called prey

ECOSYSTEM NITROGEN CYCLE

Of all the elements that plants absorbed from the soil, nitrogen is most important for plant growth. The ultimate source of nitrogen compounds is the atmosphere, which can not be directly metabolized by plants or animals.

Nitrogen cycle consist following steps :

1) Ammonification .2) Nitrification 3) Nitrogen assimilation 4)Nitrogen fixation 5)Denitrification 6)Sedimentation

NITROGEN CYCLE

AMMONIFICATION

Nitrogen enters the soil through the decomposition of protein in dead organic matter

Amino acids + 11/2O2 CO2 + H2O + NH3 + 736kJ

This process liberates a lot of energy which can be used by the saprotrophic microbes

CARBON CYCLE

The Carbon Cycle is a complex series of processes through which all of the carbon atoms in existence rotate.

CARBON CYCLE

OXYGEN CYCLEThe Oxygen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describes the movement of oxygen. The main source of atmospheric oxygen is photosynthesis.

6CO2 + 6H2O + energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2

OXYGEN CYCLE

FOOD CHAIN

The transfer of energy from sun to producer to primary consumer to secondary consumer to tertiary consumer can be shown in a food chain.

ENERGY PYRAMIDThe greatest amount of energy is found at the base of the pyramid.

The least amount of energy is found at top of the pyramid.

FOOD WEBSAre interconnected food chains

They show the feeding relationships in an ecosystem

WATER CYCLE

WATER CYCLE

The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle or H2O cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth.

Water can change states among liquid, vapor, and solid at various places in the water cycle. Although the balance of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time, individual water molecules can come and go, in and out of the atmosphere.

AMAZING FACTS63,000 square miles of Rainforests are being destroyed each year.

Already over half of the world's tropical forests have been lost.

The human population of the world is expected to be nearly tripled by the year 2100. On the average, the 140 million cars in America are estimated to travel almost 4 billion miles in a day, and according to the Department of Transportation, they use over 200 million gallons of gasoline doing it.

CONCLUSION

Ecological studies suggest that there exists an ecological balance between biotic and abiotic components in biosphere. Deforestation and human activity disturbs this balance. So we have to control it for the continuity of ecosystem and hence biosphere.

ANY QUESTIONS ?