What do all of these have in common? Typewriter Rubber bicycle tires Carburetor Diesel engine X-ray...
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Transcript of What do all of these have in common? Typewriter Rubber bicycle tires Carburetor Diesel engine X-ray...
What do all of these have in common?TypewriterRubber bicycle tires CarburetorDiesel engineX-rayRadioCold cerealAspirinMagnetic tape recorderRubber heel (for
shoe/boot)Movie projectorWireless radio
telegraphPhotoelectric cellMilk safety testThermite (industrial
material)Self-powered model
airplaneBolt action rifleMotion picture cameraData processing
machinePhotocopying machineBridle bit (for horse)Desk top pencil
sharpenerDust panFountain pen Golf tee Dry cell battery (Ever
Ready) Steel-framed
skyscraper American Express
Travelers Cheques Book matches
Hershey chocolate bar Cathode-ray tube Jell-o Roll film Vacuum cleaner The “T”Cracker Jack Peanut agricultural
science DirgibleDixie cup (paper cup) Dishwasher Peep show Escalator Gasoline powered car Player piano Submarine Double-edge safety
razor
American Innovation, Invention & Industry at the Turn of the Century
Content Question #1:What were the most important causes
of industrial development in the US from the Civil War to World War I
(1865-1914)?
Inventors / InnovatorsThomas Alva Edison
Menlo Park – first research & developmentTest 1000s of materials for light bulb filamentFirst practical incandescent light bulb (1879)First electrical power station built in 1882 NYC
His team invented generators, regulators, meters, switches, light sockets, fuse boxes, underground electric cables
Electricity to homes, stores, factories
Alexander Graham BellThe telephone invented 1876Opens way for worldwide communications
network
Natural Resources• Oil (black gold)
– Refined into kerosene, and later gasoline– First drill invented by Edwin Drake in 1859 –wells
pump oil to surface • Vast deposits of iron & coal discovered
– 1860 = 14 mil. tons coal mined– 1884 = 100 million tons
• Steel– The Bessemer process takes carbon out of iron
ore to create lighter, more flexible, rust-resistant metal
– Before Civil War steel could be made 3-5 tons/day, now the same could be made in 15 minutes
– By 1880, 1 million tons produced– By 1910, 25 million tons
The Skyscraper
Home Insurance Building Ames Building Flatiron BuildingChicago, 1884 (the first) Boston, 1893 (Washington St.) New York, 1903
ProductivityElectricity
allows manufacturers to build factories anywhere
Demand for labor-saving household electric appliancesElectric street cars – cities will spread
Industry will grow as never before
ProductivityAgricultural / Transportation Advances
Before Civil War, 61 hours labor to produce acre of wheat
By 1900, 3 hours 19 min.Manufactured ice & meatpacking193,000 miles railroad
Tractors towed and powered new planters, cultivators, reapers, pickers, threshers, combine harvesters, mowers, and balers
Economic Innovations & InventionsEconomies of Scale – the more you make, the
cheaper it costsCorporation: a business that is owned by
many investorslegal entity separate from ownersRaise large amounts of capital and limit liability
Stock – partial ownership in a company (held by a shareholder)
Bond – an IOU (set period of time, w/ interest)Capital – Assets (money and/or machinery)Monopoly, holding company, trust (from HW)
George M. PullmanTown of Pullman, IllinoisDesigned for employees of his railcar co.Strictly controlled lives of employees
Richard Ely on Pullman, IL“The wholesome, cheerful surroundings enable the men
to work more constantly and more efficiently. The healthy condition of the residents is a matter of general comment.”
“Very gratifying is the impression of the visitor who passes hurriedly through Pullman… What is seen in a walk or drive through the streets is so pleasing to the eye that a woman's first exclamation is certain to be, ‘Perfectly lovely!’”
but…“individual initiative, even in affairs which concern the
residents alone, is repressed. Once several of the men wanted to form a kind of mutual insurance association to insure themselves against loss of time in case of accident, but it was frowned down by the authorities, and nothing further has been heard of the matter. A lady attempted to found a permanent charitable organization to look after the poor and needy, but this likewise was discouraged, because it was feared that the impression might get abroad that there was pauperism in Pullman.”
And so…The worker is “surrounded by constant restraint and
restriction, and everything is done for him, nothing by him.” (no free discussion, civic responsibility)
“laborers at Pullman have not been allowed to acquire any real property in the place… There is a repression of any individuality. Everything tends to stamp upon residents, as upon the town, the character expressed in ‘machine made’."
“the idea of Pullman is un-American.”
New Business StrategiesVERTICAL INTEGRATION
Control all stages from resources, to manufacturing, to distribution
Ex: Carnegie bought out coal fields, iron mines, freighters and rail lines
HORIZONTAL INTEGRATIONControl all manufacturing/production in an
industryEx: By 1880 Rockefeller controlled 95% of oil
refining (Standard Oil Trust)