What Can a Skeleton Tell You
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Transcript of What Can a Skeleton Tell You
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What Can a Skeleton Tell You
– Aging– Sexing– Population Affinity– Diet– Pathology– Trauma
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Determining Age of Infant Prior to Birth
Click HERE for the full size imageOriginal image from http://www.boneclones.com. Used with permission.
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Try it Out
Aged 31 weeks, 32 weeks, and 40 weeks (full term)
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What about this one?
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Bear Claw vs. Human Hand
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Like Fingerprints… just can’t be seen until antemortem
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When you don’t floss
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Aging
Peruvian Female, 100 BCEOriginal image from http://www.boneclones.com. Used with permission
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Arthritis
Arthritic on the Left, and Normal on the RightOriginal image from http://www.boneclones.com. Used with permission.
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Arthritis Top Normal Bottom
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Which One Has Arthritis
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Osteoarthritis
Top: a vertebra fused with the sacrum
Bottom: the manubrium (top of the sternum)
fused with the clavicle (shown cut here)
Original image from http://www.boneclones.com. Used with
permission.
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Vertebrate
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Youth
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Adult
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Healing After Brain Surgery?
Bolivian Female,Brain Surgery Survivor, 800 AD
Peruvian Male, Bound Skull & Brain Surgery Survivor,7000 BCE
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Trephination Cont
Inca skull after Trephination. The lack of bone growth after the surgery indicates that the treatment was likely worse than the disease
View of wound in skull after trephination and removal of shattered bone, shown at bottom left. From Charles Bell, The Great Operations of Surgery, London, 1821. Etching by Thomas Landseer, after Bell.
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Defects as Indicators
Sternal Defect Scoliosis
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Cradleboarding
A prematurely fused sagittal suture, forcing the skull to elongate to allow for the expanding brain during growth
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Surgical Techniques
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Amputation
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Perimortem•
Note the sharp edges of the cuts above.
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Perimortem
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Machete Wounds, African Male
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Broad Axe Trauma,Male Spanish Conquistador, 1680 AD
Original image from http://www.boneclones.com. Used with permission.
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Male Roman Gladiator,with Blunt Force Trauma
NOTE: Above eyes and on either side of the nose.
Original image from http://www.boneclones.com.
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Hammer Wounds
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Shotgun pellets
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.410 Caliber
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Large Caliber GSW
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Rib started to growaround the .22 caliber bullet.
That's antemoretem
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Racial Characteristics – SexSet 1
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Set 2
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Set 3
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4
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5
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6
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QUESTIONS:
• 1. What are two ways, other than size, to determine whether a skeleton is from a teenager or an adult?
• 2. How can you tell whether an injury occurred perimortem (around the time of death) or antemortem (well before the time of death)?
• 3. What are 5 things that you can determine about an individual adult from that person's intact skull?
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RACE• The arch of the maxilla can be found in three basic shapes: hyperbolic, parabolic, and
rounded. Each of the the following three races have their own shape: (1) African =
hyperbolic, (2) European = parabolic, and (3) Asian = rounded.
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-These two categories are: (1) shovel-shaped, and
(2) spatulate, or spatula-shaped. -As there is more than one race
with spatulate incisors, other indicators are necessary to positively identify race, although this single feature can be used to eliminate one of the possibilities.
-Each of the the following three races have their own shape:
(1) African = spatulate (2) European = spatulate (3) Asian = shovel-shaped.
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Circle the Appropriate Answer
Arch ShapeHyperbola, Parabola, or Rounded
Arch ShapeHyperbola, Parabola, or Rounded
Arch ShapeHyperbola, Parabola, or Rounded
Incisor Spatulate or Shovel-shaped Incisor Spatulate or Shovel-shaped Incisor Spatulate or Shovel-shaped
RACE African Asian Caucasian RACE African Asian Caucasian RACE African Asian Caucasian
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African ancestry, the nasal opening is more flared. Another example is that of the zygomatic arch (or cheek bone), which is angled more forward in people of Asian
ancestry, thus giving the person a slightly more flattened face..
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Gender- Pelvis
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Try it out
•
Angle > 90 degrees or < 90 degrees Angle > 90 degrees or < 90 degrees
Sacrum Forward or Backward Sacrum Forward or Backward
Pelvic Outlet Small or Large Pelvic Outlet Small or Large
Ilia Close or Spread Ilia Close or Spread
Female or Male Female or Male
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Skull
Landmarks Female Male
Chin Rounded Square
Mastoid Process(Behind Ear)
Small Large
External Occipital Protuberance(Back of Skull)
Small(Not Prominent)
Large(Prominent)
General Anatomy Gracile (i.e., Graceful) Robust
Forehead Vertical Receding(Careful with the comments . . .)
Brow Ridges(Location of Eyebrows)
Slightly Developed Prominent
Muscle Lines Slightly Developed Prominent
Orbital Margins(Edge of Eye Socket)
Sharp Rounded
Angle of Ascending Ramus(Back Corner of the Jaw)
Obtuse Close to 90 degrees
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Circle the Appropriate Answer
Chin Rounded or Square Chin Rounded or Square
Mastoid Process Small or Large Mastoid Process Small or Large
Occipital Protuberance Small or Large Occipital Protuberance Small or Large
General Anatomy Gracile or Robust General Anatomy Gracile or Robust
Forehead Vertical or Receding Forehead Vertical or Receding
Brow Ridges Slight or Prominent Brow Ridges Slight or Prominent
Muscle Lines Slight or Prominent Muscle Lines Slight or Prominent
Orbital Margins Sharp or Rounded Orbital Margins Sharp or Rounded
Angle of Ramus 90 degrees or Obtuse Angle of Ramus 90 degrees or Obtuse
Gender Female or Male Gender Female or Mal
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Aging
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Adult skull has no remaining suture (called the frontal suture) in the middle of the Frontal bone. Remember, also, that all the sutures ultimately become more
filled-in ("closed") as we age.
Circle the Appropriate Answer
Frontal Suture Present or Absent Frontal Suture Present or Absent
Other Sutures "Open" or "Closed" Other Sutures "Open" or "Closed"
Adolescent or Adult Adolescent or Adult
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• An x-ray image (radiograph) of a child will reveal a dark area where the growth plates are still made of cartilage (more x-rays can pass through cartilage, which is less dense, thus making a dark area); these areas are the epiphyseal plates.
• An x-ray radiograph of an adult will reveal a white area where the growth plates have been turned into bone (fewer x-rays can pass through bone, which is more dense, thus making a white line); these areas are the epiphyseal lines.
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Circle the Appropriate Answer
Epiphyseal Plate or Line Epiphyseal Plate or Line
Adult or Child Adult or Child
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• QUESTIONS:• What is the easiest way to determine the gender (using
the skeleton) of an individual, and why? • What is the easiest way to tell (using the skeleton)
whether a teenager is lying about her/his age, and why? • Why can determining gender from a skull be difficult? • Why should a forensic anthropologist use more than one
bone (if possible) to determine the height of an individual?
• What other issue is important to question four, especially if there is only one bone from which to work?