What are we afraid of? How do we overcome our fears to promote clean energy? Patrick Pocock...
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What are we afraid of? How do we overcome our fears to promote clean energy?
Patrick [email protected]
NUCLEAR ENERGY
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State of the Union Address
Since 2001, $10 Billion has been spent to develop cleaner, cheaper and more reliable energy sources
Advanced Energy Initiative – 22% increase in clean-energy research Energy generation and
Transportation focus
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With $10 Billion to spend - We’re Improving… Right?
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Alternative to Fossil Fuel Burning Power Plants
Renewables Geothermal Hydroelectric Wind Solar
Nuclear Power
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Renewable Fuel Sources
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Renewable Energy
Pros Simply Put – Its
Renewable Zero Emissions “Cold” Energy No Exploration/
Extraction Costs No Fuel Costs Low Operation Costs
Cons Its Intermittent High Initial Investment Isolated from Populated
Areas High Transmission Costs
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Nuclear Power
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Nuclear Power
Pros Baseline Energy Source Zero GHG Emissions Plentiful Fuel Sources
Locally Minimal Operating Costs
Cons High Initial Investment Radioactive Spent Fuel Long-Term Waste
Management Security to Inhibit
Weapons Proliferation Terrorism Public Fears
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Advanced Energy Initiative
February 6, 2006 – Request for $250 Million to Launch Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP) “a comprehensive strategy to enable the expansion of
emissions-free nuclear energy worldwide by demonstrating and deploying new technologies to recycle nuclear fuel, minimize waste, and improve our ability to keep nuclear technologies and materials out of the hands of terrorists “
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Why Not Nuclear Power?
Safety Economics Waste Management Transportation of Nuclear Materials Radiation Security
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Risk Assessment v. Risk Perception
“Why are we scared of Nuclear Energy, but not of a peanut butter sandwich”
Risk Assessment takes the objective view of a hazard
Risk Perception takes the subjective view of a hazard
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General Rules of Risk Perception
Natural Risks are Less Scary Risks Imposed On Us Seem Worse Risks with an Obvious Benefit are Less
Daunting Risks Associated with Complex Technologies
and Catastrophes are Greater
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Fear
Our Estimation of Risk Reflects: Notions of Fairness Desire to Control Our
Own Lives Emotional Truths
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Economics
WNA Report – The New Economics of Nuclear Energy (December 2005) The Principal Conclusion:
In most industrialized countries, new nuclear power plants offer the most economical way to generate base-load electricity
Reasons for Conclusion: Decreases in construction costs, financing costs,
operating costs and waste and decommissioning costs
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Waste Management
IAEA – Fundamental Principles of Radioactive Waste Management Protection of human health Protection of the environment Protection beyond national borders Protection of future generations Burdens on future generations National legal framework Control of radioactive waste generation Radioactive waste generation and management
interdependencies Safety of facilities
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Transport of Nuclear Materials
Transport takes place in special casks Shields are steel or a combination of steel and
lead IAEA sets standards and tests casks
Protection is achieved by: Secure containment of radioactive contents Control of external radiation levels Prevention of criticality Prevention of damage caused by heat
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Radiation
Natural sources account for most of the radiation we all receive each year
The nuclear fuel cycle does not give rise to significant radiation exposure for members of the public.
Radiation protection standards assume that any dose of radiation, no matter how small, involves a possible risk to human health
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Security
Two Concerns Nuclear weapons proliferation Terrorism
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Nuclear Weapons Proliferation
IAEA Safeguards Parties to the Non-
Proliferation Treaty have accepted the safeguards applied by the IAEA
Aim is to deter diversion by maximizing the risk of early detection Material Accountability Physical Security Containment and
Surveillance
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Terrorism
Studies Conclude: U.S. reactor structures
are ‘robust and would protect the fuel from impacts of large commercial aircrafts’
Considering spent fuel storage tanks – No release of radionuclides to the environment
Robust Structures also prevent release when attacked from the inside
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Safety
Safety has been a priority in design and engineering Chernobyl – Confirmed the Importance of safety
by design Three Mile Island – Proved the effectiveness of
safety measures Remains the only core melt in a reactor conforming to
NRC safety criteria “It should be emphasized that a commercial-type
power reactor simply cannot under any circumstances explode like a nuclear bomb”
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Chernobyl Reactor #4
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Safety (2)
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Set-up by the United Nations in 1957
Auditor of World Nuclear Safety The IAEA acts as a global coordinator in nuclear
power safety helping to establish legal conventions fostering information exchange on safety issues developing common safety standards providing expert services in the field of nuclear safety
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Safety (3)
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Operational Safety Review Teams (OSARTs)
enhance the safety of nuclear power plants worldwide through technical reviews and exchanges of operational experience
Assessment of Safety Significant Events Teams (ASSET) review operational safety experience from the
standpoint of events that have occurred
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Safety (4)
Nuclear Regulatory Commission Empowered to promulgate rules and regulations
governing the construction and operation of nuclear power plants
The NRC’s power is broad Required to insure adequate protection of public
health and safety from risks associated with nuclear plants
Issuance of licenses for operation
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So What’s The Problem?
Nuclear Energy Regulatory Bodies Lack Exposure to the Public Anti-Nuclear Energy
groups have used elaborate media campaigns to “shock and awe” the public
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Have you heard of the IAEA?
In a survey conducted in 18 countries, only 1 in 4 said that they had heard of the IAEA
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Effectiveness of IAEA Inspections
Nearly half of respondents believe that IAEA inspections are effective
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Risk of Nuclear Terrorist Acts
The majority of respondents believe that nuclear power plant security is insufficient to protect against terrorist acts
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Views on Nuclear Security
The majority of respondents believe that there is a High Risk or nuclear terrorist acts
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Support for Nuclear Power
Majority Supports Continued Use of Nuclear Energy
However, Majority Does not Support Building New Nuclear Plants
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Support for Nuclear Power
The United States ranks second for supporting building new nuclear power plants
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Pre- and Post-Climate Change Argument
Support for expanding nuclear power increased by more than 10% just by telling respondents that nuclear power could help combat climate change
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Conclusion
An increase in public awareness would result in increased support for nuclear power