What are two messages of this cartoon?

What are two messages of this cartoon?

Steps to the Steps to the Political, Economic Political, Economic

and Military and Military Division of EuropeDivision of Europe

Part IIPart II

Moving Towards Moving Towards Confrontation and Confrontation and

ContainmentContainment

The Truman Doctrine Truman speech March 1947:

US obligation to support free peoples who are resisting subjugation Truman Doctrine

Turkey and Greece

Radical change from isolationism

Soviets saw this as evidence the US sought further influence Truman influenced by

Kennan and Iron Curtain speech

Beginning of containment Would draw US into conflicts

well beyond Europe

The Marshall Plan

1947, George Marshall into Sec. of State office Thought Western

Europe needed immediate help

Economic aid in recovering areas

Pattern along the Iron Curtain

Dollar Imperialism Would the Marshall Plan involved the

Soviets?

Strict criteria to qualify for aid

Must be able to investigate financial records of applicant countries

Stated Aims

Revive European working economies for political and social stability

Safeguard the future of the US economy

Initiative must come from Europe

Will become reality in 1948 with the Czech Coup

$17 Billion

Soviet Reaction and Response

Called it American Dollar Imperialism Trying to establish

European empire

Methods of dependence

Response was Molotov Plan Bilateral agreements

aimed to tie economies of Eastern Europe to the USSR

COMECON Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

Stimulate and control their development and support collectivization and heavy industry

Cominform and the Two Camps Doctrine

Two developments with Soviets

Cominform Communist Information

Bureau, 1947

Increase Stalin’s control over Communist parties in other countries

Two Camps Doctrine Stalin speech, 1946

Two Camps in Europe opposing each other

USSR and Eastern Europe

Also sympathetic nations in the Middle East and Southeast Asia

Red Army Occupation Controlled Eastern Europe

with satellite empire

Tied together and to Moscow with: Soviet military power

Salami tactics

State police and security/spy networks

COMECON

Soviet control throughout Eastern Europe, other than Czech

Breach of Yalta and Potsdam

Mr. X Article Kennan article in

Time in 1947

Wrote of need for long-term, patient, firm containment of rival Soviet Union

Influence over American public opinion

Containment seemed essential

Czechoslovakian Coup

Czech moving towards the West in 1948

Interest in Marshall Plan

West felt bad for Munich

Stalin organized pressure on non-communists

12 resigned, Czech President Benes agreed to communism

Foreign Minister found dead

Truman calls it a coup

Pushed Marshall plan through Congress

Bloody purges there throughout Eastern Bloc rest of the year

Weakness of Stalin was in Berlin

Berlin Crisis of 1948

Germany under four zones under ACC One economic unit

By 1949, two separate states

Why Did Unification of Why Did Unification of Germany Fail?Germany Fail?

Germany’s Strategic Position

Geographic, central position and economic potential

USSR did not want a resurgent Germany Similar to France Sought reparations

US sought to rebuilt Germany UK with them

Lack of trust developing

Specific Disputes Inside Germany

Reparations were a problem

Potsdam-USSR was to take industrial equipment from West Germany to provide those zones with food from the East

Didn’t deliver enough, so US stopped supplies

Battle over coal

1947, American and British zones merged into Bizonia

Specific Disputes Inside Germany

Stalin planning on incorporating reunified Germany as early as 1945 Army in East,

Communist Party of Germany in other zones

Not successful in the West

Minimal economic assistance and no democracy

Socialists then focused on the East

Specific Disputes Inside Germany

Western powers also thinking about consolidating

London Conference of Ministers, 1947 Meant to reconsider

German peace treaty, whoops

London Conference, 1948 France, Britain , U.S.

created West German state, new currency

Stalin began a blockade of Berlin

Berlin Blockade Berlin 100 miles inside

Soviet zone

Road, rail, air corridors had been established

Stalin’s transport restrictions Total blockade in 1948

Routes all closed

Electricity cut from East to West

Allies supplied Berlin through the air Stalin ends blockade in

1949

Results of Berlin Blockade

Division of Germany Federal Republic of Germany

in West, Sept. 1949

German Democratic Republic in East

May have been preferable to the West

Continuation of four-power control in Berlin

Formation of NATO, Apr. 1949 Military assistance to Europe

West Germany in 1954

Soviet response is Warsaw Pact

Conclusions Europe clearly divided

Germany separated into two clear states

US abandoned isolationism

No peace treaty – Central Europe’s borders not formalizes

West unified against the USSR

Implications All conflicts take

capitalism versus communism character

Containment brought US into Asia

UN never played a major role previously envisioned