What are the terms that relate to Racism? FOUR ASPECTS OF RACISM (AND ALL THE OTHER ISMS) SYSTEMIC...

What are What are the terms the terms

that that relate to relate to Racism?Racism?

FOUR ASPECTS OF RACISMFOUR ASPECTS OF RACISM(AND ALL THE OTHER ISMS)(AND ALL THE OTHER ISMS)

SYSTEMIC DISCRIMINATION

policies, practices

Racism, sexism, anti-Semitism, classism, homophobia, etc.

DISCRIMINATION

BEHAVIOUR,ACTION

BELIEFS,ATTITUDES

PREJUDICE

“pre-judge”

STEREOTYPING“set Image”

Adapted from B. Thomas and C. Novogrodsky (1983) Combatting Racism in the Workplace

CIRCLE OF ATTITUDES CIRCLE OF ATTITUDES ANDAND

BEHAVIOURSBEHAVIOURS

DISCRIMINATIONPREJUDICE

SYSTEMIC DISCRIMINATION

STEREOTYPE

STEREOTYPESTEREOTYPE

STEREOTYPE = STEREOTYPE = The The idea idea thatthat ‘all’‘all’ members members of aof a group group are the are the same, same, rather than individuals rather than individuals with differing with differing abilities, personalities and values.abilities, personalities and values.

In other words, stereotypes are In other words, stereotypes are overgeneralizations overgeneralizations about the about the appearance, behaviour, appearance, behaviour, oror other other characteristics characteristics ofof all members all members of aof a group.group.

STEREOTYPESSTEREOTYPES Irish people are drunks.Irish people are drunks.

Teenagers are loud and obnoxious.Teenagers are loud and obnoxious.

Chinese people are bad drivers.Chinese people are bad drivers.

Koreans are good at math.Koreans are good at math.

White men can’t jump.White men can’t jump.

Blonde women are dumb.Blonde women are dumb.

EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: Racial + Ethnic Racial + Ethnic JokesJokes

In one of your classes you In one of your classes you overhear a classmate overhear a classmate telling a racist joke. telling a racist joke.

What do you do? What do you do?

WE ALL NEED TO ASK WE ALL NEED TO ASK OURSELVESOURSELVES

Would you say it in front of your Would you say it in front of your partner, parents/guardians, partner, parents/guardians, grandparents/elders or a person of grandparents/elders or a person of the race the joke is about?the race the joke is about?

Would you say it if the joke was going Would you say it if the joke was going to appear on the front page of the to appear on the front page of the newspaper or on the news?newspaper or on the news?

WE ALL NEED TO ASK WE ALL NEED TO ASK OURSELVESOURSELVES

Would you say it to a member of the Would you say it to a member of the same gender in exactly the same same gender in exactly the same way?way?

Why does it need to be said? Does it Why does it need to be said? Does it need to be said? What purpose does need to be said? What purpose does it serve?it serve?

RACIAL/ETHNIC JOKESRACIAL/ETHNIC JOKES

Consider Consider all all racial or ethnic jokes as racial or ethnic jokes as discriminatory and promoting hate.discriminatory and promoting hate.

“ “ Did you hear about the (Black, Jew, Did you hear about the (Black, Jew, Newfie, Pollack, Scotsman, Chinese, Newfie, Pollack, Scotsman, Chinese, Catholic)…?Catholic)…?

RACIAL/ETHNIC JOKESRACIAL/ETHNIC JOKES

All racial/ethnic jokes contain a All racial/ethnic jokes contain a slurslur = an insult toward those who are = an insult toward those who are members of a particular racial or members of a particular racial or ethnic group.ethnic group.

RACIAL/ETHNIC JOKES RACIAL/ETHNIC JOKES ARE BASED ON ARE BASED ON STEREOTYPESSTEREOTYPES

This stereotyped label is associated with a This stereotyped label is associated with a fixed image which is usually fixed image which is usually negativenegative..

Stereotyping and labelling can promote Stereotyping and labelling can promote prejudiceprejudice (a judgment based on (a judgment based on insufficient, inappropriate and/or false insufficient, inappropriate and/or false information) and information) and discrimination discrimination (the (the activation of prejudice)activation of prejudice)


Racism Racism – the expression of a negative – the expression of a negative prejudice towards a specific group.prejudice towards a specific group.

Promotes Promotes hatredhatred towards the targeted towards the targeted group.group.

Someone who already dislikes a certain Someone who already dislikes a certain group has those feelings strengthened.group has those feelings strengthened.


andand

Someone who has no knowledge of the Someone who has no knowledge of the group may accept this version and group may accept this version and develop a negative feeling towards develop a negative feeling towards them without any direct experience. them without any direct experience.

G. GuttentagG. GuttentagRace Relations DirectorateRace Relations Directorate

Ministry of CitizenshipMinistry of Citizenship

PREJUDICEPREJUDICE

Prejudice comes from the words Prejudice comes from the words ““PrePre” and “” and “JudgeJudge” = to pre-judge.” = to pre-judge.

In other words, to have an In other words, to have an opinion opinion oror image image based on based on previously held previously held ideas rather than knowledge ideas rather than knowledge oror experience. experience.

PREJUDICEPREJUDICE

It is an It is an irrational, negative irrational, negative attitude attitude about people about people based on based on such such characteristics characteristics as as racialization, gender, age, ability, racialization, gender, age, ability, religion, religion, and/orand/or sexual orientation. sexual orientation.

It is when you It is when you agree with the agree with the stereotypesstereotypes. .

DISCRIMINATE / DISCRIMINATE / DISCRIMINATIONDISCRIMINATION

Discriminate/Discrimination = Discriminate/Discrimination = ToTo treat treat a a particular group, particular group, oror member member of aof a particular group particular group differently differently oror unfairly. unfairly.

It is It is based on prejudicesbased on prejudices..

DISCRIMINATIONDISCRIMINATION

For centuries women have been For centuries women have been stereotypically viewed as being less stereotypically viewed as being less intelligent, or incapable of doing intelligent, or incapable of doing things such as say math or science. things such as say math or science.

They were to be “barefoot and They were to be “barefoot and pregnant in the kitchen”. pregnant in the kitchen”.


This prejudicial attitude led to This prejudicial attitude led to discrimination when it came to discrimination when it came to women’s ability to be allowed to hold women’s ability to be allowed to hold down traditional male jobs that down traditional male jobs that required math/science. required math/science.

And if they did get the job, women And if they did get the job, women were paid less for doing the same were paid less for doing the same job.job.


Women were seen as being inferior Women were seen as being inferior to men therefore could not vote. to men therefore could not vote.

It was not until 1918 that the It was not until 1918 that the Canadian Parliament granted Canadian Parliament granted women the right to vote in federal women the right to vote in federal elections.elections.


There is a prejudice that Aboriginal There is a prejudice that Aboriginal people do not have good work habits. people do not have good work habits.

There are stereotypes that Aboriginal There are stereotypes that Aboriginal people are not smart, that they are people are not smart, that they are always late, that they are alcoholics. always late, that they are alcoholics.

Discrimination occurs when a person is Discrimination occurs when a person is not given a job because they are not given a job because they are Aboriginal.Aboriginal.

RACE AND ETHNICITYRACE AND ETHNICITY

Race and ethnicity are not necessarily Race and ethnicity are not necessarily connected.connected.

Racial/racialized groups are set apart from Racial/racialized groups are set apart from others because of visible physical others because of visible physical differences.differences.

Ethnic groups differ from others on the basis Ethnic groups differ from others on the basis of national origin or distinctive cultural of national origin or distinctive cultural patterns.patterns.


Ethnic GroupEthnic Group: a : a category of people category of people who are who are distinguished distinguished by others or by others or themselves on the themselves on the basis of cultural basis of cultural or national characteristics.or national characteristics.

RaceRace is considered a is considered a social construct social construct (created/constructed by humans = we (created/constructed by humans = we are all part of ONE RACE - THE are all part of ONE RACE - THE HUMAN RACE).HUMAN RACE).


Many people use the term Many people use the term Racialized Group/Racialization = Racialized Group/Racialization = AA category of people category of people who have who have been been singled out, by others or singled out, by others or themselves, themselves, asas inferior or inferior or superior, superior, on the on the basis of basis of subjectively selected physical subjectively selected physical characteristics characteristics such as such as skin skin colour colour oror eye shape. eye shape.

RACISMRACISM

Racism Racism is the is the mistreatment mistreatment of people on of people on the the basis of race, place of origin, or basis of race, place of origin, or ancestry; ancestry; the the belief belief thatthat one group one group of of people is people is inferior or superior to another.inferior or superior to another.

Racism is Racism is any action based on any action based on stereotypes stereotypes that that view all members of a view all members of a racial, ethnic, or cultural group racial, ethnic, or cultural group as being as being the same, rather than individuals.the same, rather than individuals.

EXCLUSIONEXCLUSIONRacism is Racism is

EXCLUSIONS OF A EXCLUSIONS OF A PARTICULAR KINDPARTICULAR KIND

Exclusions that involve racialization.Exclusions that involve racialization.

Exclusions that are organized (i.e. Exclusions that are organized (i.e. made by people).made by people).

Exclusions that have significant Exclusions that have significant negative consequences for the negative consequences for the excluded. excluded.

EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: Name-CallingName-Calling

In one of your classes you In one of your classes you overhear a student calling overhear a student calling someone a racist name. someone a racist name.

What do you do? What do you do?

Common ResponsesCommon Responses

““Don’t let that hurt you.”Don’t let that hurt you.”

Focus on the offender.Focus on the offender.

Try to get him/her/they to change Try to get him/her/they to change his/her/their ways.his/her/their ways.

See it as individual/family problem.See it as individual/family problem.

Name-Calling as Name-Calling as ExclusionExclusion

This is an act of violence:This is an act of violence:

1)1) Stop it! Stop it!

2)2) Support/comfort the victim. Support/comfort the victim.

3)3) Deal with effects which go beyond the Deal with effects which go beyond the immediate parties (i.e. tip of the iceberg, immediate parties (i.e. tip of the iceberg, set of larger issues – get to the root of it).set of larger issues – get to the root of it).

RACISM AS EXCLUSIONRACISM AS EXCLUSION

Understanding Understanding racism as an exclusion racism as an exclusion draws attention to draws attention to processes of creating processes of creating inclusions. inclusions.

It also means that racism is It also means that racism is NOTNOT about about intentions (what was intended).intentions (what was intended).

Rather Rather racism is about racism is about effects/impactseffects/impacts..

A note about A note about INTENTIONSINTENTIONS

Racism is not about good people and Racism is not about good people and bad people.bad people.

Good people can do racist things and Good people can do racist things and bad people can do anti-racist ones. bad people can do anti-racist ones.

A note about A note about INTENTIONSINTENTIONS

People experience racism differently People experience racism differently because of how it locates them socially.because of how it locates them socially.

Racism originates from thoughts, beliefs, Racism originates from thoughts, beliefs, values = values = it is in the head/it is socially it is in the head/it is socially constructed.constructed.

Reagardless, racism is a reality in our Reagardless, racism is a reality in our world.world.

Exposing Racism Exposing Racism Photograph ActivityPhotograph Activity

Photographs can often capture Photographs can often capture important social, cultural, political, important social, cultural, political, economic and environmental economic and environmental moments in history. moments in history.


You will examine one historical You will examine one historical photograph to: photograph to:

1) analyze the time period to gain a 1) analyze the time period to gain a greater understanding of history; greater understanding of history;

2) explore issues of racism, stereotypes, 2) explore issues of racism, stereotypes, and bias; and bias;

3) explore how photographs can expose 3) explore how photographs can expose racism.racism.


Essential QuestionsEssential Questions

How can photographs capture a moment in How can photographs capture a moment in history?history?

What significance do historical photographs What significance do historical photographs play in the present?play in the present?

Why is it important to understand the context Why is it important to understand the context of a photograph?of a photograph?

Eckford

Massery

TO DO = Read TO DO = Read your Course Packyour Course Pack

What are What are the roots the roots

of of Racism?Racism?

ROOTS OF “RACE”ROOTS OF “RACE”

Classification schemes since 1700s:Classification schemes since 1700s:

Time of the Time of the scientific revolutionscientific revolution, which , which introduced and privileged the study of introduced and privileged the study of natural kinds.natural kinds.

The age of The age of European imperialism and European imperialism and colonization colonization which established political which established political relations between Europeans and peoples relations between Europeans and peoples with distinct cultural and political with distinct cultural and political traditions.traditions.


As Europeans encountered people from As Europeans encountered people from different parts of the world, they speculated different parts of the world, they speculated about the physical, social, and cultural about the physical, social, and cultural differences among various human groups. differences among various human groups.

With the rise of the With the rise of the Atlantic slave tradeAtlantic slave trade, , which gradually displaced an earlier trade in which gradually displaced an earlier trade in slaves from throughout the world, created a slaves from throughout the world, created a further incentive to categorize human further incentive to categorize human groups in order to justify the subordination groups in order to justify the subordination of African slaves. of African slaves.


Europeans began to Europeans began to sort themselves and sort themselves and others into groups based on physical others into groups based on physical appearanceappearance, and to attribute to individuals , and to attribute to individuals belonging to these groups belonging to these groups behaviors and behaviors and capacities capacities which were claimed to be deeply which were claimed to be deeply ingrained.ingrained.

A set of folk beliefs took hold that A set of folk beliefs took hold that linked linked inherited physical differences between inherited physical differences between groups to inherited intellectual, groups to inherited intellectual, behavioral, and moral qualitiesbehavioral, and moral qualities..


Traits were somewhat arbitrary: Traits were somewhat arbitrary: Why skin colour and not eye colour?Why skin colour and not eye colour?

E.g. Jane Elliot’s experiment in “Eye E.g. Jane Elliot’s experiment in “Eye of the Storm” (1970) and A Class of the Storm” (1970) and A Class Divided (PBS 1985)Divided (PBS 1985)

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/divided/etc/view.html

““RACE”RACE”

We are ALL part of the We are ALL part of the HUMAN RACE = we HUMAN RACE = we

should see each other as should see each other as human beings!human beings!

THE RESULTSTHE RESULTS

The roots of race have led to Racism, The roots of race have led to Racism, White Privilege and Internalized White Privilege and Internalized Dominance.Dominance.


Privilege = a right, immunity, Privilege = a right, immunity, permission or benefit enjoyed permission or benefit enjoyed only by a person/individual, only by a person/individual, group, class, or caste that is group, class, or caste that is beyond the advantages of most: beyond the advantages of most: i.e. the privileges of rich, white, i.e. the privileges of rich, white, able-bodied, heterosexual men. able-bodied, heterosexual men.


White Privilege White Privilege = = privilege that privilege that accrues to people who have accrues to people who have “white” skin, trace their ancestry “white” skin, trace their ancestry to Europe, and think of to Europe, and think of themselves as European themselves as European Canadians or WASPs (White Canadians or WASPs (White Anglo-Saxon Protestants).Anglo-Saxon Protestants).

THE RESULT = THE RESULT = INTERNALIZED INTERNALIZED

DOMINANCEDOMINANCE

Internalized DominanceInternalized Dominance = = all the all the ways that White people learn ways that White people learn they are normal (the “norm”), they are normal (the “norm”), feel included, and do not think of feel included, and do not think of themselves as “other” or themselves as “other” or “different”.“different”.

THE POLITICS OF RACETHE POLITICS OF RACE

The Politics of Race or Race The Politics of Race or Race Politics Politics are are where people where people perceive others to be different perceive others to be different and use these perceptions to and use these perceptions to justify differential treatment.justify differential treatment.

This is especially evident historically This is especially evident historically in Canada.in Canada.

A History of A History of Racism and Racism and Prejudice in Prejudice in

CanadaCanada

DISCUSSDISCUSS

Do you think racism is a Do you think racism is a serious problem in our serious problem in our present day Canadian present day Canadian

society?society?

Why or why not? Explain.Why or why not? Explain.

5 MYTHS ABOUT 5 MYTHS ABOUT RACISM IN CANADARACISM IN CANADA

1.1. There is no racism in Canada! There is no racism in Canada!

2.2. Only bad people are racist.Only bad people are racist.

3.3. Racism is about individuals.Racism is about individuals.

4.4. Difference causes racism.Difference causes racism.

5.5. Children/young people are innocent Children/young people are innocent of racism. of racism.

HISTORICAL HISTORICAL EXAMPLES OF EXAMPLES OF

RACISM IN RACISM IN CANADA: CANADA:

What do you What do you know?know?

HISTORY OF RACISM IN HISTORY OF RACISM IN CANADACANADA

History of Racism in Canada VideoHistory of Racism in Canada Video

7 minutes + 46 seconds7 minutes + 46 seconds

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dvqXh83IJgM v=dvqXh83IJgM

OTHER EXAMPLES OF OTHER EXAMPLES OF HISTORICAL RACISM?HISTORICAL RACISM?

What are the examples that What are the examples that show Canada’s history of show Canada’s history of racism and immigration?racism and immigration?

What are some other examples What are some other examples of Canada’s dark history of of Canada’s dark history of racism and immigration?racism and immigration?

A HISTORICAL A HISTORICAL REVIEWREVIEW

Racism in CanadaRacism in Canada

(Optional; See (Optional; See Additional PPT)Additional PPT)

Racism Racism and and

Prejudice Prejudice in in

Canada Canada TodayToday

THE HISTORICAL THE HISTORICAL EXPERIENCESEXPERIENCES

The historical examples provide a backdrop The historical examples provide a backdrop to help illustrate the different forms of to help illustrate the different forms of

racism found in our society today….racism found in our society today….

CANADA’S CANADA’S DEMOGRAPHIC DEMOGRAPHIC COMPOSITIONCOMPOSITION

2011 Census: 2011 Census:

6.8 million foreign-born residents, or 20.6 per cent 6.8 million foreign-born residents, or 20.6 per cent of the populationof the population..

Almost one in five people living in Canada is a Almost one in five people living in Canada is a visible minority.visible minority.

4.3 per cent of Canada's population have 4.3 per cent of Canada's population have Indigenous statusIndigenous status..



Nearly 6,264,800 people identified Nearly 6,264,800 people identified themselves as a member of a visible themselves as a member of a visible minority group. minority group.

They represented 19.1% of the total They represented 19.1% of the total population. population.



Of these visible minorities, 30.9% were born in Of these visible minorities, 30.9% were born in Canada and 65.1% were born outside the Canada and 65.1% were born outside the country and came to live in Canada as country and came to live in Canada as immigrants. immigrants.

A small proportion (4.0%) of the visible minority A small proportion (4.0%) of the visible minority population was non-permanent residents.population was non-permanent residents.


A vision for Canada must be A vision for Canada must be inclusive and based on inclusive and based on collective endeavour to collective endeavour to

eradicate racism yet . . . there eradicate racism yet . . . there exists segregation and exists segregation and

discrimination. discrimination.

MAJORITY AND MAJORITY AND MINORITY GROUPSMINORITY GROUPS

MajorityMajority (or dominant) group = (or dominant) group = is one that isis one that is advantaged advantaged and has and has superior resources superior resources and and rights in rights in society.society.

MAJORITY AND MAJORITY AND MINORITY GROUPSMINORITY GROUPS

MinorityMinority (or subordinate group) (or subordinate group) = = is one that is is one that is disadvantaged, disadvantaged, subjected to discrimination, subjected to discrimination, and and regards itself as an regards itself as an object of object of discrimination, discrimination, e.g. people of e.g. people of colour, disabled, and gays, lesbians, colour, disabled, and gays, lesbians, and trans people.and trans people.

MINORITY GROUPS IN MINORITY GROUPS IN CANADACANADA

Visible minorities = Visible minorities = is a is a person or person or group visibly not one of the group visibly not one of the majority race in a given majority race in a given population.population.


Combined, the three largest visible Combined, the three largest visible minority groups-South Asians, Chinese minority groups-South Asians, Chinese and Blacks-accounted for 61.3% of the and Blacks-accounted for 61.3% of the visible minority population in 2011. visible minority population in 2011.

They were followed by Filipinos, Latin They were followed by Filipinos, Latin Americans, Arabs, Southeast Asians, Americans, Arabs, Southeast Asians, West Asians, Koreans and Japanese.West Asians, Koreans and Japanese.


Among all recent immigrants who arrived Among all recent immigrants who arrived between 2006 and 2011, roughly 661,600 between 2006 and 2011, roughly 661,600 or 56.9% came from Asia (including the or 56.9% came from Asia (including the Middle East).Middle East).

About 159,700 European-born immigrants About 159,700 European-born immigrants arrived in Canada between 2006 and 2011. arrived in Canada between 2006 and 2011. They comprised the second largest group They comprised the second largest group of newcomers and accounted for 13.7% of of newcomers and accounted for 13.7% of all recent immigrants.all recent immigrants.


By 2031, one in three Canadians By 2031, one in three Canadians will belong to a visible minority. will belong to a visible minority.

One in four will be foreign-born.One in four will be foreign-born.


Visible minorities face the additional Visible minorities face the additional problems of prejudice, problems of prejudice, discrimination as well as higher discrimination as well as higher rates of victimization.rates of victimization.

SOCIAL EXCLUSION OF SOCIAL EXCLUSION OF MINORITIESMINORITIES

Social Social exclusionexclusion of minorities is due of minorities is due to selective ethnic and racial to selective ethnic and racial inclusioninclusion by the majority group. by the majority group.

Exclusion occurs because one group Exclusion occurs because one group wants to defend its social status or wants to defend its social status or resources against another.resources against another.

SOCIAL EXCLUSION OF SOCIAL EXCLUSION OF MINORITIESMINORITIES

Minority groups are seen as “others”, Minority groups are seen as “others”, and barriers are built against them and barriers are built against them when they are perceived as competition. when they are perceived as competition.

Historically immigrants were shunned, Historically immigrants were shunned, and tolerated only because Canada and tolerated only because Canada needed their labour. needed their labour.

MULTICULTURALISMMULTICULTURALISM

Canada recognizes two types of Canada recognizes two types of multiculturalism:multiculturalism:

1) Traditional multiculturalism 1) Traditional multiculturalism focuses on focuses on individual rights.individual rights.

2) Modern multiculturalism 2) Modern multiculturalism is is concerned with the concerned with the survival of cultural survival of cultural groups.groups.


The Federal policy on multiculturalism The Federal policy on multiculturalism has been criticized for emphasizing has been criticized for emphasizing group differences and for its perceived group differences and for its perceived special treatment of minority groups.special treatment of minority groups.

Aboriginal fight for autonomy is yet Aboriginal fight for autonomy is yet another complication of Canadian another complication of Canadian multiculturalism.multiculturalism.


We pride ourselves on being a We pride ourselves on being a multicultural society, yet….multicultural society, yet….

THE PROBLEM OF THE PROBLEM OF NATIONALISMNATIONALISM

Nationalism is produced by an 'us' Nationalism is produced by an 'us' and 'them' mentality/orientation. and 'them' mentality/orientation.

This tends to be destructive to This tends to be destructive to multiculturalism.multiculturalism.

THE PROBLEM OF THE PROBLEM OF NATIONALISMNATIONALISM

Two types of Two types of nationalism:nationalism:

1) 1) A A community of citizens community of citizens who express who express loyalty loyalty andand patriotic attachment patriotic attachment to ato a shared shared set of values set of values which constitutes which constitutes civic civic nationalism. nationalism.

2) Ethnic nationalism 2) Ethnic nationalism involves ainvolves a tracing of tracing of roots, roots, and aand a search for identity, search for identity, andand political political recognition.recognition.

THE THE VERTICAL MOSAICVERTICAL MOSAIC IN CANADAIN CANADA

John Porter, a Canadian sociologist, calls John Porter, a Canadian sociologist, calls Canadian society a Canadian society a vertical mosaic:vertical mosaic:

English and French Canadians exist at English and French Canadians exist at the top of the economic hierarchy and the top of the economic hierarchy and ethnic minorities are situated at or near ethnic minorities are situated at or near the bottom (regardless or the bottom (regardless or demographics).demographics).


The vertical mosaic persists because The vertical mosaic persists because of several factors such as of several factors such as exclusionary practices by the exclusionary practices by the majority, and migration and self-majority, and migration and self-organizing practices.organizing practices.


Vertical mosaic is a system of Vertical mosaic is a system of racial racial stratificationstratification::

System of inequality in which “race” System of inequality in which “race” is the major criterion for rank and is the major criterion for rank and rewards (the white “race” is the rewards (the white “race” is the measuring stick/at the top of the measuring stick/at the top of the hierarchy).hierarchy).

IMMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION AND RACISM: RACISM:

THEN AND NOWTHEN AND NOW

Immigration = The action of Immigration = The action of coming to live permanently in a coming to live permanently in a foreign country; a humanitarian foreign country; a humanitarian issue. issue.


THEN AND NOWTHEN AND NOW Canada’s immigration policy historically Canada’s immigration policy historically

has been determined by economic factors has been determined by economic factors and by racial preferences = it has been and by racial preferences = it has been about discrimination and exclusion.about discrimination and exclusion.

Negative beliefs about immigration and Negative beliefs about immigration and immigrants are often imbedded in and immigrants are often imbedded in and influenced by historical misinformation.influenced by historical misinformation.


THEN AND NOWTHEN AND NOW

Today (and in the past) immigration Today (and in the past) immigration is often viewed as problematic, not is often viewed as problematic, not for the immigrants themselves, but for the immigrants themselves, but for the social and economic comfort for the social and economic comfort of the current citizens (mostly white of the current citizens (mostly white Canadians).Canadians).

IMMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION AND RACISM: RACISM: MYTHSMYTHS

1) Immigration is an individual act 1) Immigration is an individual act or choice; it does not have anything or choice; it does not have anything to do with policies, government to do with policies, government practices, discrimination, and/or practices, discrimination, and/or lack of economic opportunity.lack of economic opportunity.


2) Our county is based on 2) Our county is based on multiculturalism and we have multiculturalism and we have accepted and encouraged all accepted and encouraged all immigrant groups equally; we have immigrant groups equally; we have welcome all immigrants and they welcome all immigrants and they have had equally opportunity in have had equally opportunity in Canada.Canada.


3) Undocumented/illegal immigrants 3) Undocumented/illegal immigrants are lawbreakers/criminals; they are are lawbreakers/criminals; they are a negative influence/burden on our a negative influence/burden on our society regardless of their society regardless of their participations in consumerism or any participations in consumerism or any claims of human and environmental claims of human and environmental exploitation.exploitation.


THE CONTEXTTHE CONTEXT

The problem with these views/beliefs The problem with these views/beliefs is that they lack sociopolitical is that they lack sociopolitical context; that is they are not based context; that is they are not based on an understanding of the social, on an understanding of the social, political, and economic forces that political, and economic forces that inform not only immigration, but inform not only immigration, but also people’s responses to also people’s responses to immigration and immigrants.immigration and immigrants.



1) Immigration is the result of 1) Immigration is the result of inequitable sociopolitical and inequitable sociopolitical and economic policies and practice economic policies and practice between developed and developing between developed and developing nations.nations.



2) Canada has a long history of 2) Canada has a long history of racial exclusion/racism and racial exclusion/racism and exploitation, often reflected in exploitation, often reflected in historical discriminatory historical discriminatory immigration and citizenship laws immigration and citizenship laws and practices against people of and practices against people of colour.colour.


THE CONTEXTTHE CONTEXT 3) Unbridled consumerism and 3) Unbridled consumerism and

excessive corporate profits depend on excessive corporate profits depend on the exploitation of labourers, the exploitation of labourers, particularly those who are most particularly those who are most marginalized, both globally and marginalized, both globally and nationally, and the exploitation of nationally, and the exploitation of developing nations resources (the developing nations resources (the people are left in dire poverty because people are left in dire poverty because the profits go to foreign multinationals).the profits go to foreign multinationals).


NOWNOW

Immigration continues to be about economics, Immigration continues to be about economics, politics and “race”.politics and “race”.

For instance, the Canadian government rejects For instance, the Canadian government rejects certain occupations, requires certain language certain occupations, requires certain language skills, and makes immigration officers skills, and makes immigration officers available in only certain parts of the world.available in only certain parts of the world.


NOWNOW Racial profiling Racial profiling = = is the is the use use of an of an

individual’s raceindividual’s race or or ethnicity by lawethnicity by law, , immigration and immigration and enforcement personnel enforcement personnel as a as a key key factor factor in in decidingdeciding whether to engage whether to engage in in enforcementenforcement (e.g. make a traffic (e.g. make a traffic stop or arrest; let into the country; stop or arrest; let into the country; question after leaving a store); it is a question after leaving a store); it is a form of form of racial stereotypingracial stereotyping..


NOWNOW The practice is controversial and is illegal The practice is controversial and is illegal

in many jurisdictions/countries. in many jurisdictions/countries.

Yet somehow it proliferates in law Yet somehow it proliferates in law enforcement agencies (police forces, enforcement agencies (police forces, border guards, airport security), the border guards, airport security), the education system, the criminal justice education system, the criminal justice system, government and in the general system, government and in the general public. public.


NOWNOW For example, without notice, in 2012, the For example, without notice, in 2012, the

government arbitrarily rejected a backlog of government arbitrarily rejected a backlog of nearly 100,000 applications, representing nearly 100,000 applications, representing 280,000 people, many of whom had waited 280,000 people, many of whom had waited years to come to Canada.years to come to Canada.

As a result, applicants from a lot of non-As a result, applicants from a lot of non-English-speaking countries were excluded. English-speaking countries were excluded.


NOWNOW

Other examples, include the recent Other examples, include the recent shootings of Trayvon Martin and shootings of Trayvon Martin and Michael Brown in the USA. Michael Brown in the USA.


NOWNOW Trayvon Martin Trayvon Martin was a 17-year-old African was a 17-year-old African

American who was fatally shot on American who was fatally shot on February 26, 2012 by George February 26, 2012 by George Zimmerman, a neighborhood watch Zimmerman, a neighborhood watch volunteer, in Sanford, Florida. volunteer, in Sanford, Florida.

On the evening of February 26, Martin On the evening of February 26, Martin went to a convenience store and went to a convenience store and purchased candy and juice. purchased candy and juice.


NOWNOW

As Martin returned As Martin returned from the store, from the store, Zimmerman spotted Zimmerman spotted him and called the him and called the Sanford Police to Sanford Police to report him, saying he report him, saying he looked suspicious.looked suspicious.


NOWNOW

Zimmerman was eventually charged and Zimmerman was eventually charged and tried in Martin's death and a jury tried in Martin's death and a jury acquitted Zimmerman of second-degree acquitted Zimmerman of second-degree murder and of manslaughter in July 2013.murder and of manslaughter in July 2013.

Martin’s death raised questions about Martin’s death raised questions about racism in US society and racial profiling.racism in US society and racial profiling.


NOWNOW

The shooting of Michael Brown The shooting of Michael Brown occurred on August 9, 2014, in occurred on August 9, 2014, in Ferguson, Missouri, United States, a Ferguson, Missouri, United States, a suburb of St. Louis. suburb of St. Louis.

He was about to begin college in He was about to begin college in September 2014.September 2014.


NOWNOW Michael Brown Jr., an unarmed 18-Michael Brown Jr., an unarmed 18-

year-old black male, died after being year-old black male, died after being shot at least six times by Ferguson shot at least six times by Ferguson police officer Darren Wilson, who is police officer Darren Wilson, who is white.white.


NOWNOW The shooting sparked unrest in Ferguson The shooting sparked unrest in Ferguson

due to longstanding racial tensions in one due to longstanding racial tensions in one of the most segregated metropolitan of the most segregated metropolitan areas in the United States.areas in the United States.

Protests, vandalism, looting, and other Protests, vandalism, looting, and other forms of social unrest continuedforms of social unrest continued for for weeks.weeks.


NOWNOW Night curfews were imposed with the Night curfews were imposed with the

escalating violence.escalating violence.

Widespread media coverage examined Widespread media coverage examined the post 9/11 trend of local police the post 9/11 trend of local police departments arming themselves with departments arming themselves with military-grade weapons when dealing military-grade weapons when dealing with protests.with protests.


NOWNOW XenophobiaXenophobia = typically used to = typically used to

denote an denote an unreasonedunreasoned phobic phobic attitude/fearattitude/fear towards towards foreignersforeigners or or strangersstrangers, or even of , or even of thethe unknownunknown. .

Racism in general is described as a Racism in general is described as a form of xenophobia.form of xenophobia.


NOWNOW

Xenophobia can manifest itself in Xenophobia can manifest itself in many ways involving the relations many ways involving the relations and perceptions of an ingroup and perceptions of an ingroup (majority) towards an outgroup (majority) towards an outgroup (minority) and can also be exhibited (minority) and can also be exhibited in a way where a particular culture in a way where a particular culture is ascribed “an unreal, stereotyped is ascribed “an unreal, stereotyped and exotic quality”.and exotic quality”.


NOWNOW

When immigrants come to Canada today When immigrants come to Canada today wewe complain that complain that theythey do not speak do not speak English, that English, that theythey are not assimilating, are not assimilating, that the city is being taken over by that the city is being taken over by themthem, that , that theythey are taking all our jobs, are taking all our jobs, that that theythey . . . . . .

What is all this about?!What is all this about?!

IMMIGRATION MYTHS IMMIGRATION MYTHS ACTIVITYACTIVITY

In this activity we will deconstruct In this activity we will deconstruct the common myths about immigrants the common myths about immigrants and the process of immigration.and the process of immigration.

You will confront the lies/myths that You will confront the lies/myths that are the foundation of bigotry toward are the foundation of bigotry toward immigrants.immigrants.


BigotryBigotry = = thethe state of mind of a bigot: state of mind of a bigot: someone who, as a someone who, as a result result of their of their prejudices, treats prejudices, treats otherother people people with with hatred, contempt, hatred, contempt, or or intolerance intolerance on the on the basis of a basis of a person's ethnicity, religion, person's ethnicity, religion, national origin, gender, sexual national origin, gender, sexual orientation, disability, socioeconomic orientation, disability, socioeconomic status, or other characteristics.status, or other characteristics.

Slamming Bigoted Slamming Bigoted QuestionsQuestions

People of color are often asked, "What People of color are often asked, "What kind of ____ are you?" in relation to kind of ____ are you?" in relation to their ethnicity. It's quite a different their ethnicity. It's quite a different question than "Where are you from?" question than "Where are you from?"

Example: A Korean-American is asked Example: A Korean-American is asked which country in Asia they're from. Or which country in Asia they're from. Or they're asked, "What kind of Asian are they're asked, "What kind of Asian are you?"you?"

Slamming Bigoted Slamming Bigoted QuestionsQuestions

Doesn't that kind of sound like someone Doesn't that kind of sound like someone is asking what brand they are? Even if is asking what brand they are? Even if it doesn't to you, it's quite a loaded it doesn't to you, it's quite a loaded question — one that Alex Dang ponders question — one that Alex Dang ponders below.below.

Alex Dang - "What Kind of Asian Are Alex Dang - "What Kind of Asian Are You?" (NPS 2013) You?" (NPS 2013)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VoP0ox_Jw_w


There are seven workstations around There are seven workstations around the room.the room.

Each has a sheet of poster paper and Each has a sheet of poster paper and a marker.a marker.

On smaller sheet of paper is an On smaller sheet of paper is an immigration myth.immigration myth.

IMMIGRATION MYTHS IMMIGRATION MYTHS ACTIVITY ACTIVITY

INSTRUCTIONSINSTRUCTIONS

All groups will move to all seven All groups will move to all seven tables. Begin by going to the tables. Begin by going to the workstation that matches your workstation that matches your group’s number (i.e. #1, 3, 6). group’s number (i.e. #1, 3, 6).

With your group, hypothesize why With your group, hypothesize why that myth is not accurate.that myth is not accurate.

IMMIGRATION MYTHS IMMIGRATION MYTHS ACTIVITY ACTIVITY

INSTRUCTIONSINSTRUCTIONS On your Immigration Myth Chart Sheet On your Immigration Myth Chart Sheet

individually record information that your individually record information that your group comes up with on the three major group comes up with on the three major areas: where does it come from?; who areas: where does it come from?; who benefits?; why is it untrue?.benefits?; why is it untrue?.

Also record your thoughts on the chart Also record your thoughts on the chart paper for each of the 3 sections so all paper for each of the 3 sections so all groups can see and eventually add to this groups can see and eventually add to this info. info.

3 MAIN FORMS OF 3 MAIN FORMS OF RACISM RACISM

IN CANADAIN CANADA

Cultural Racism = EthnocentrismCultural Racism = Ethnocentrism

Institutional RacismInstitutional Racism

Individual RacismIndividual Racism

3 FORMS OF RACISM3 FORMS OF RACISM

Cultural Racism = Cultural Racism = EthnocentrismEthnocentrism



CULTURAL RACISMCULTURAL RACISM

Ethnocentrism = Ethnocentrism = thethe belief belief thatthat one’s culture, beliefs, one’s culture, beliefs, and/orand/or racialized/cultural group racialized/cultural group areare better than others.better than others.


““Us” and “Them” or “We” and Us” and “Them” or “We” and “They”“They” mentalitymentality where one’s own where one’s own racial group is considered to be racial group is considered to be better than other groups – the other better than other groups – the other group literally becomes the group literally becomes the “Other”/Othered.“Other”/Othered.


The Other = The Other = TheThe Other and Other and "Otherness" refers to that which is "Otherness" refers to that which is alienalien and and divergentdivergent from the from the normnorm, , the the majority’s identitymajority’s identity, or the , or the selfself..

The Other is the The Other is the minority, minority, the the “them”/”they”, “them”/”they”, thethe marginalized, marginalized, thethe discriminated. discriminated.


Cultural Racism = Cultural Racism = relies on relies on cultural differences rather than cultural differences rather than on biological markers of racial on biological markers of racial superiority or inferiority. superiority or inferiority.

The cultural differences can be The cultural differences can be real, real, imagined, or constructed. imagined, or constructed.


Culture, rather than biology, has become a Culture, rather than biology, has become a popular, political, and scientific explanatory popular, political, and scientific explanatory framework for understanding and framework for understanding and rationalizing the unequal status and rationalizing the unequal status and treatment of various racial groups. treatment of various racial groups.

Racialized groups are not burdened or Racialized groups are not burdened or blessed by their genetic traits but by their blessed by their genetic traits but by their cultural traits.cultural traits.


When the Europeans encountered When the Europeans encountered Native North Americans it was Native North Americans it was inconceivable to them that Natives inconceivable to them that Natives were their equals. were their equals.

As well, it was believed that non-As well, it was believed that non-Europeans would want to be like Europeans would want to be like them. . . “superior”.them. . . “superior”.

INSTITUTIONAL INSTITUTIONAL RACISMRACISM

Institutional Racism = Institutional Racism = TheThe process process by by which which organizational practices organizational practices and and procedures procedures are are used used to either to either directly directly or indirectly discriminate against or indirectly discriminate against “Others”.“Others”.

Rules, procedures, rewards and practices Rules, procedures, rewards and practices that have the intent or effect of excluding that have the intent or effect of excluding “Others”.“Others”.


Examples include: Examples include:

Differential admission policy of Jewish Differential admission policy of Jewish students at McGill.students at McGill.

Black individuals were regularly Black individuals were regularly excluded from entry into theatres and excluded from entry into theatres and restaurants.restaurants.

Aboriginal peoples denied jobs and Aboriginal peoples denied jobs and education.education.

EXAMPLES OF SYSTEMIC EXAMPLES OF SYSTEMIC DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENTDISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT

AND/OR SERVICE DELIVERYAND/OR SERVICE DELIVERY

CredentialismCredentialism Non-valid testsNon-valid tests

Lengthy experience requirementsLengthy experience requirements Non-job-related qualificationsNon-job-related qualifications

Unnecessary physical requirementsUnnecessary physical requirements Lack of accessLack of access

Language barriersLanguage barriers Inadequate knowledge of traditions and Inadequate knowledge of traditions and

valuesvalues


Institutional Racism Institutional Racism also includes also includes laws laws andand practices practices thatthat segregated segregated minorities, from equal minorities, from equal participation participation in Canadian society in Canadian society (until the 1960’s).(until the 1960’s).

Bill of Rights = August 10, 1960 – Bill of Rights = August 10, 1960 – protection of human rights.protection of human rights.

Charter of Rights and Freedoms = 1982.Charter of Rights and Freedoms = 1982.

INDIVIDUAL RACISMINDIVIDUAL RACISM

Individual Racism = Individual Racism = TheThe attitude, belief attitude, belief or or opinion opinion thatthat one’s own racial group one’s own racial group has has superior values and customs.superior values and customs.

IncludesIncludes personal attacks personal attacks on on others who are perceived asothers who are perceived as culturally or biologically inferior.culturally or biologically inferior.

INDIVIDUAL RACISMINDIVIDUAL RACISM

Polite racism = Polite racism = isis racism racism that is that is thinly veiled thinly veiled by by seemingly harmless seemingly harmless compliments compliments which are really more which are really more like like insults:insults:

““I’m not racist but . . .” I’m not racist but . . .” ““Her parents do not mind that she is friends Her parents do not mind that she is friends

with black people” with black people” ““That Native person is not an alcoholic”That Native person is not an alcoholic”

INDIVIDUAL RACISM – INDIVIDUAL RACISM – POLITE???POLITE???

Most racism in Canada is considered to Most racism in Canada is considered to be “polite” racism:be “polite” racism:

No racist comments are shared openly No racist comments are shared openly with others, with others, derogatory comments derogatory comments instead are made in instead are made in privateprivate..

Attempt to disguise a dislike Attempt to disguise a dislike of others of others through a non-prejudicial appearance.through a non-prejudicial appearance.

INDIVIDUAL RACISM – INDIVIDUAL RACISM – POLITE???POLITE???

Evident when turned down for jobs, Evident when turned down for jobs, promotions or accommodations; told promotions or accommodations; told job is full when it’s not.job is full when it’s not.

More “sophisticated” type of racism More “sophisticated” type of racism but serves the same purpose to but serves the same purpose to control, exploit and exclude otherscontrol, exploit and exclude others..

RACISM + HATERACISM + HATE

Racial violence against individuals Racial violence against individuals by groups with deep racial beliefs by groups with deep racial beliefs are found in many Canadian cities. are found in many Canadian cities.

The following is a list of White The following is a list of White Supremacist/Neo-Nazi (Skinheads) Supremacist/Neo-Nazi (Skinheads) Groups in Canada:Groups in Canada:


Aryan Guard/Aryan Resistance Aryan Guard/Aryan Resistance Movement (ARM)Movement (ARM)

Canadian Heritage Alliance Canadian Heritage Alliance Heritage FrontHeritage Front

Immigration Watch CanadaImmigration Watch Canada National-Socialist Party of CanadaNational-Socialist Party of Canada


Northern HammerskinsNorthern Hammerskins Final Solution SkinsFinal Solution Skins

Tri-City SkinsTri-City Skins Western Canada for UsWestern Canada for Us

Western Guard PartyWestern Guard Party Holocaust Denial Group (Ernst Holocaust Denial Group (Ernst

Zundel (a Neo Nazi) was one of Zundel (a Neo Nazi) was one of Canada’s most prolific Holocaust Canada’s most prolific Holocaust

deniers; in jail)deniers; in jail)

HATE GROUPS IN HATE GROUPS IN CANADACANADA

Racist Skinhead groups (aka White Racist Skinhead groups (aka White Supremacists) = Individuals from Supremacists) = Individuals from hate groups such as the Northern hate groups such as the Northern Hammerskins, the Final Solution Hammerskins, the Final Solution Skins, the Aryan Resistance Skins, the Aryan Resistance Movement (ARM), have been Movement (ARM), have been responsible for assaults, gay-responsible for assaults, gay-bashing, and murder in Canada.bashing, and murder in Canada.


Hate Group = Hate Group = anan organized group organized group oror movement movement thatthat advocates advocates andand practices hatred, hostility, or practices hatred, hostility, or violence towards members of a violence towards members of a racialized group, ethnic group, racialized group, ethnic group, religion, gender, sexual religion, gender, sexual orientation or other designated orientation or other designated sector of society.sector of society.

Hate in London, ONHate in London, ON

SkinheadsSkinheads

This group This group believes that the believes that the white race is white race is superior and are superior and are prepared to prepared to transform society transform society along white along white supremacy lines. supremacy lines.

Believe “White is Believe “White is right!”right!”

MORE HATE GROUPS MORE HATE GROUPS IN CANADAIN CANADA

Christian Identity Movement = Christian Identity Movement = a movement a movement of many extremely conservative Christian of many extremely conservative Christian churches and religious organizations, churches and religious organizations, extreme right wing political groups and extreme right wing political groups and survival groups (i.e. KKK).survival groups (i.e. KKK).

For more see the reading For more see the reading Facing Hate Facing Hate in Canada (CRRF) in Canada (CRRF) (see our website or (see our website or me for a copy)me for a copy)

RACIST BELIEFS TODAYRACIST BELIEFS TODAY

Henry (1978):Henry (1978):

First to measure racist attitudes in First to measure racist attitudes in Canada.Canada.

16% of whites are considered extremely 16% of whites are considered extremely racist, racist,

35% are somewhat racist.35% are somewhat racist.


Focus Canada Survey (1998):Focus Canada Survey (1998):

10-20% are strongly racist.10-20% are strongly racist.

13% of Canadians would exclude non-13% of Canadians would exclude non-White groups from immigrating.White groups from immigrating.

7% would not vote for a Black political 7% would not vote for a Black political candidate.candidate.


Association for Canadian Studies and Association for Canadian Studies and the Canadian Race Relations the Canadian Race Relations Foundation (2010 – 2013):Foundation (2010 – 2013):

Read the article (in your course Read the article (in your course pack) pack) Canadians hearing, seeing Canadians hearing, seeing racism: Poll racism: Poll byby Elizabeth Elizabeth Thompson. Thompson.

ARE WE REALLY A ARE WE REALLY A MULTICULTURAL MULTICULTURAL

COUNTRY?COUNTRY?

Decima Research, October 1993:Decima Research, October 1993: 1200 respondents1200 respondents 75% 75% rejected the concept that Canada is rejected the concept that Canada is

a cultural mosaic a cultural mosaic 72% 72% believed that different racial and believed that different racial and

ethnic ethnic groups should adapt to groups should adapt to Canadian societyCanadian society

41% 41% think that Canada lets too many think that Canada lets too many people people from different cultures and from different cultures and “races” into “races” into Canada Canada

HOW DO RACIAL HOW DO RACIAL MINORITIES FEEL?MINORITIES FEEL?

Toronto (2000):Toronto (2000):

80% of Black, 63% of Chinese and 62% of 80% of Black, 63% of Chinese and 62% of East-Indian Canadians felt that they had East-Indian Canadians felt that they had experienced racial prejudice towards them.experienced racial prejudice towards them.

73% of Blacks, 48% of Chinese and 47% of 73% of Blacks, 48% of Chinese and 47% of East-Indian Canadians felt they had been East-Indian Canadians felt they had been racially discriminated against in obtaining a racially discriminated against in obtaining a job.job.

IPSOS-REID SURVEY IPSOS-REID SURVEY 20052005

1 in 6 Canadians say they have been 1 in 6 Canadians say they have been the victim of racism.the victim of racism.

Approximately one in ten (7% or Approximately one in ten (7% or 1,680,000 Canadian adults) would 1,680,000 Canadian adults) would not welcome people from another not welcome people from another race as next-door neighbours.race as next-door neighbours.

IPSOS-REID SURVEY IPSOS-REID SURVEY 20052005

13% (3,120,000 Canadians) would 13% (3,120,000 Canadians) would never marry or have a relationship never marry or have a relationship with someone of another race.with someone of another race.

15% (3,360,000 Canadians) say skin 15% (3,360,000 Canadians) say skin colour makes a difference in their colour makes a difference in their workplace. workplace.

In In 20052005 which group did which group did Canadians feel are the Canadians feel are the

most likely to be most likely to be targeted in their targeted in their

community with racist community with racist acts?acts?

Muslims/ArabsMuslims/Arabs

#MyExperienceWithRaci#MyExperienceWithRacism, Canadians share sm, Canadians share

stories - Your stories - Your CommunityCommunity

http://www.cbc.ca/newsblogs/yourcommunity/2014/11/myexperiencewithracism-canadians-share-their-stories-with-cbcca.html

So…do you think racism So…do you think racism is a serious problem in is a serious problem in

Canadian society? Canadian society?

Why or why not? Why or why not? Explain.Explain.

Discuss.Discuss.

The The Theory & Theory & PerspectiPerspecti

ves ves

OPPRESSIONOPPRESSION

Oppression = Oppression = refers to the refers to the injustices injustices and and disadvantages some individuals disadvantages some individuals or groups suffer or groups suffer as aas a consequence consequence ofof intentional intentional or or unintentional unintentional practices practices within a society. within a society.

Oppression can take many Oppression can take many formsforms including, including, but but not limited to, not limited to, exploitation, marginalization, exploitation, marginalization, powerlessness, cultural imperialism, powerlessness, cultural imperialism, economic imperialism, and violence.economic imperialism, and violence.

THE CYCLE OF THE CYCLE OF OPPRESSIONOPPRESSION

1. A difference is identified or 1. A difference is identified or noticed noticed

2. A negative experience or negative 2. A negative experience or negative charge occurscharge occurs

3. This experience is then 3. This experience is then generalized to encompass the whole generalized to encompass the whole group or classgroup or class


4. The generalization is reinforced by 4. The generalization is reinforced by media, friends, family and/or institutionsmedia, friends, family and/or institutions

5. The reinforcement justifies unjust 5. The reinforcement justifies unjust treatmenttreatment

6. This treatment is then often 6. This treatment is then often institutionalized and oppresses the groupinstitutionalized and oppresses the group


Handout: “Cycle of Oppression” Handout: “Cycle of Oppression” Diagram and Guiding Questions.Diagram and Guiding Questions.

Discuss in small groups the cycle of Discuss in small groups the cycle of oppression in terms of “race”; that is, oppression in terms of “race”; that is, how does the cycle of oppression how does the cycle of oppression operate/manifest it self in terms of operate/manifest it self in terms of racialization/racism? racialization/racism?

HOW DOES THE CYCLE HOW DOES THE CYCLE OPPRESSION OPERATE IN OPPRESSION OPERATE IN TERMS OF RACE/RACISM? TERMS OF RACE/RACISM?

FEMINIST AND ANTI-FEMINIST AND ANTI-RACIST THEORYRACIST THEORY

Gendered racism =Gendered racism = interactive interactive effect of racism and sexism in effect of racism and sexism in exploiting Indigenous and exploiting Indigenous and women and/or visible minorities.women and/or visible minorities.

FEMINIST AND ANTI-FEMINIST AND ANTI-RACIST THEORYRACIST THEORY

Intersectional Theorizing Intersectional Theorizing (Intersectionality) = a move (Intersectionality) = a move toward an understanding of the toward an understanding of the myriad of ways in which myriad of ways in which oppressions are linked oppressions are linked (e.g. wages (e.g. wages of women of colour vs. White of women of colour vs. White women).women).

CONFLICT THEORYCONFLICT THEORY

Conflict Theory = emphasizes the Conflict Theory = emphasizes the role of coercion and power in role of coercion and power in producing social order (feminist producing social order (feminist theory, queer theory, anti-racist theory, queer theory, anti-racist theory, intersectionality).theory, intersectionality).

In Conflict Theory In Conflict Theory power is the most power is the most important explanatory variable:important explanatory variable:


The use power to maintain one’s The use power to maintain one’s position at the expense of others is position at the expense of others is the fundamental cause of social the fundamental cause of social problems such as racism.problems such as racism.

I.e. Indian Act, Africville, Chinese I.e. Indian Act, Africville, Chinese Exclusion, Continuous Passage Law, Exclusion, Continuous Passage Law, etc.etc.


Power = Power = thethe real or perceived ability real or perceived ability or or potential potential to to make choices make choices and to and to bring bring about significant change about significant change in a in a society society or or in in people’s lives. people’s lives.

Power can be based on a Power can be based on a dominance of dominance of gender, age, racialization or ethnicity, gender, age, racialization or ethnicity, sexual orientation, mental or physical sexual orientation, mental or physical ability, socioeconomic class, geography, ability, socioeconomic class, geography, etc. etc.


Power can also bePower can also be conferred on an conferred on an individual by a group, individual by a group, and can be and can be used for the benefit of others. used for the benefit of others.

An inequity of power An inequity of power is one of the is one of the most common causes of social most common causes of social injustice.injustice.


Groups that have clashing interests Groups that have clashing interests compete with each other; therefore, compete with each other; therefore, producing winners and losers:producing winners and losers:

Conflicts benefit the winners at the Conflicts benefit the winners at the expense of the losers.expense of the losers.

The winners interests and beliefs are The winners interests and beliefs are strengthen while the losers beliefs are strengthen while the losers beliefs are abused. abused.

POWER IS THE MOST POWER IS THE MOST IMPORTANT IMPORTANT

EXPLANATORY EXPLANATORY VARIABLE when VARIABLE when

considering INEQUALITY considering INEQUALITY and INJUSTICEand INJUSTICE

The Effects of and The Effects of and Solutions? for Solutions? for

RacismRacism

SOCIAL SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF CONSEQUENCES OF

RACISMRACISM

Racism is exacerbated by gender for Racism is exacerbated by gender for women of minority groups. women of minority groups.

Minority groups are Minority groups are disproportionately poor and, when disproportionately poor and, when employed, face discrimination in the employed, face discrimination in the workplace. workplace.

SOCIAL SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF CONSEQUENCES OF

RACISMRACISM

Minorities are also over-represented in Minorities are also over-represented in the criminal justice system as both the criminal justice system as both perpetrators and victims. perpetrators and victims.

In Canada, the social problems resulting In Canada, the social problems resulting from exclusion, discrimination, and from exclusion, discrimination, and prejudice are most evident among prejudice are most evident among Aboriginal peoples. Aboriginal peoples.

HEALTH EFFECTS HEALTH EFFECTS

Lives of disadvantaged groups are Lives of disadvantaged groups are characterized by premature death and characterized by premature death and extended periods of chronic illness. extended periods of chronic illness.

Institutional racism forces visible Institutional racism forces visible minorities into low-paying jobs, minorities into low-paying jobs, unemployment, and poverty. This unemployment, and poverty. This creates economic hardship with adverse creates economic hardship with adverse health consequences. health consequences.

HEALTH EFFECTS HEALTH EFFECTS

Cultural variations such as dietary Cultural variations such as dietary and exercise habits, and alcohol and and exercise habits, and alcohol and cigarette use, also affect the health cigarette use, also affect the health of those in ethnic groups. of those in ethnic groups.

Due to racism and language Due to racism and language barriers, minorities often experience barriers, minorities often experience difficulties in accessing health care. difficulties in accessing health care.

SOLUTIONS?SOLUTIONS?

For reduction of inequalities:For reduction of inequalities:

Conflict Theory = Conflict Theory = Political action.Political action.

Feminists and Anti-racist Feminists = Feminists and Anti-racist Feminists = Critical analysis from the Critical analysis from the standpoints and experiences of standpoints and experiences of people + action.people + action.

SOLUTIONS?SOLUTIONS?

Need for Need for increased education increased education and the and the enforcement of non-discriminatory enforcement of non-discriminatory government legislation government legislation (i.e. (i.e. Employment Equity Act and Charter of Employment Equity Act and Charter of Rights and FreedomsRights and Freedoms).).

The need to The need to raise awareness raise awareness and take and take action!action!

RAISING AWARENESS + RAISING AWARENESS + TAKING ACTIONTAKING ACTION

AWARENESS + ACTIONAWARENESS + ACTION

Since 1966, March 21Since 1966, March 21stst has been has been recognized as the International Day for the recognized as the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination by the Elimination of Racial Discrimination by the United Nations.United Nations.

Initiated in response for the need to Initiated in response for the need to increase awareness of the harmful effects increase awareness of the harmful effects of racism.of racism.

Canadian youth have spoken out: there’s no Canadian youth have spoken out: there’s no room for racism in their lives = youth are room for racism in their lives = youth are the voice of the future.the voice of the future.

Racism. Stop it! Racism. Stop it! National Video National Video

CompetitionCompetition

Every year students Every year students across the country across the country are challenged to are challenged to create a one-minute create a one-minute video that expresses video that expresses their feelings about their feelings about racismracism

2008 Winner of Racism. 2008 Winner of Racism. Stop it! Stop it!

National Video National Video CompetitionCompetition

““It Takes Only One”It Takes Only One”

Gander Collegiate Gander Collegiate Gander, NewfoundlandGander, Newfoundland

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pITLqPxlZZ4&list=PL4E17C73CFD93Dv=pITLqPxlZZ4&list=PL4E17C73CFD93D986 986

ANTI-RACISMANTI-RACISM

Anti-racism is a perspective Anti-racism is a perspective aimed at eradicating racism in aimed at eradicating racism in all its various forms.all its various forms.

stereotyping

prejudice racism

Systemicdiscrimination

WHAT IS AN ALLY?WHAT IS AN ALLY?

An ally is a An ally is a member member of the of the agent social agent social group who takes a stand against group who takes a stand against social injustice directed at target social injustice directed at target groupsgroups (Whites who speak out against (Whites who speak out against racism, men who are anti-sexist/pro-racism, men who are anti-sexist/pro-feminist). feminist).

An ally works to be an An ally works to be an agent of social agent of social change rather than an agent of change rather than an agent of oppression.oppression.

WHAT IS AN ALLY?WHAT IS AN ALLY?

When a form of oppression has multiple When a form of oppression has multiple target groups, as do racism, ableism, target groups, as do racism, ableism, heterosexism and faithism, target group heterosexism and faithism, target group members can be allies to other targeted members can be allies to other targeted social groups they are not part of (e.g. social groups they are not part of (e.g. lesbians can be allies to bisexual lesbians can be allies to bisexual people, African Canadians can be allies people, African Canadians can be allies to Aboriginal Peoples, Jewish people to Aboriginal Peoples, Jewish people can be allies to Muslims).can be allies to Muslims).

Supporting Social Border Supporting Social Border Crossing AssignmentCrossing Assignment

Photographs may tell a story or make Photographs may tell a story or make a statement about a greater concept a statement about a greater concept or ideal. or ideal.

Sometimes photographers use the Sometimes photographers use the subjects in a photo to convey a subjects in a photo to convey a message. message.


For this assignment you will be able For this assignment you will be able to:to:

recognize and interpret the message in a recognize and interpret the message in a photographphotograph

analyze the subject(s) in a photographanalyze the subject(s) in a photograph think about what it means to be inclusive think about what it means to be inclusive explore the concept of diversityexplore the concept of diversity


Essential QuestionsEssential Questions

How can photographs be used to How can photographs be used to illustrate a concept or ideal?illustrate a concept or ideal?

How can the subject of a photograph How can the subject of a photograph help reveal the photographer’s point of help reveal the photographer’s point of view on a topic? view on a topic?

DISCUSSION DISCUSSION QUESTIONSQUESTIONS

INSTRUCTIONSINSTRUCTIONS In pairs or individually, discuss and address In pairs or individually, discuss and address

thoroughly the following questions (see thoroughly the following questions (see handout).handout).

Use Use Racism Discussion Questions Racism Discussion Questions as your as your title. title.

Include the question and your answer in your Include the question and your answer in your response. Use a separate sheet of paper.response. Use a separate sheet of paper.

What are the terms that relate to Racism? FOUR ASPECTS OF RACISM (AND ALL THE OTHER ISMS) SYSTEMIC...

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Transcript of What are the terms that relate to Racism? FOUR ASPECTS OF RACISM (AND ALL THE OTHER ISMS) SYSTEMIC...