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What are the overall functions of the cardiovascular system? What structures comprise the system?...
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What are the overall functions of the What are the overall functions of the cardiovascular system? What cardiovascular system? What
structures comprise the system?structures comprise the system?
QODQOD
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Chapter 13Chapter 13
Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System
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I. IntroductionI. Introduction
StructuresStructures– HeartHeart– ArteriesArteries
ArteriolesArterioles
– CapillariesCapillaries– VeinsVeins
VenulesVenules CircuitsCircuits
– Pulmonary circuitPulmonary circuit– Systemic CircuitSystemic Circuit– Coronary CircuitCoronary Circuit
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13.2: Structure of the Heart13.2: Structure of the Heart
CoveringsCoverings– Visceral pericardiumVisceral pericardium– Parietal pericardiumParietal pericardium– Pericardial cavity – serous fluidPericardial cavity – serous fluid
Wall of the heartWall of the heart– EpicardiumEpicardium– MyocardiumMyocardium– EndocardiumEndocardium
Purkinje fibersPurkinje fibers
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How is the heart’s structure How is the heart’s structure related to it’s function?related to it’s function?
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Heart chambers and valvesHeart chambers and valves
Atria (Atrium)Atria (Atrium) VentriclesVentricles SeptumSeptum ValvesValves
– Tricuspid Tricuspid – Bicuspid (Mitral)Bicuspid (Mitral)– AorticAortic– PulmonaryPulmonary– Chordae tendinaeChordae tendinae– Papillary musclesPapillary muscles
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Blood Vessels to and from HeartBlood Vessels to and from Heart
Superior and Inferior Vena cavaeSuperior and Inferior Vena cavae Cardiac veinsCardiac veins
– Coronary sinusCoronary sinus Pulmonary arteriesPulmonary arteries Pulmonary veinsPulmonary veins AortaAorta Coronary arteriesCoronary arteries
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Pathway of BloodPathway of Blood
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How does the heart make sure to How does the heart make sure to pump rhythmically and as a unit?pump rhythmically and as a unit?
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13.3 Heart Actions13.3 Heart ActionsThe Cardiac CycleThe Cardiac Cycle
The HeartbeatThe Heartbeat– Atrial Atrial systolesystole and ventricular and ventricular diastole diastole– Atrial Atrial diastolediastole and ventricular and ventricular systolesystole– A-V valves open/closeA-V valves open/close
Due to changes in pressureDue to changes in pressure
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Cardiac CycleCardiac Cycle
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Heart soundsHeart sounds– ““Lubb” – ventricular contractionLubb” – ventricular contraction– ““Dupp” – ventricular relaxationDupp” – ventricular relaxation
Cardiac Muscle FibersCardiac Muscle Fibers– Fibers connect in branching systemFibers connect in branching system– Functional syncytiumFunctional syncytium
In atrial wallsIn atrial walls In ventricular wallsIn ventricular walls
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Cardiac Conduction SystemCardiac Conduction System
S-A nodeS-A node– Located in right atriumLocated in right atrium– Self-initiate impulses that stimulate Self-initiate impulses that stimulate
cardiac muscle fibers to contractcardiac muscle fibers to contract– Rhythmic - Rhythmic - PacemakerPacemaker
A-V nodeA-V node– Located in interatrial septum (inferior)Located in interatrial septum (inferior)– Impulse is delayedImpulse is delayed– A-V bundle A-V bundle Purkinje fibers Purkinje fibers cardiac cardiac
muscle fibersmuscle fibers
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Fig. 13.11Fig. 13.11
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Fig. 13.12Fig. 13.12
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ElectrocardiogramElectrocardiogram
Waves of ECGWaves of ECG– P waveP wave– QRS complexQRS complex– T waveT wave
Uses:Uses:– Assessment of heart’s conduction of Assessment of heart’s conduction of
impulsesimpulses– P-Q intervalP-Q interval
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Fig. 13.14aFig. 13.14a
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Regulation of Cardiac CycleRegulation of Cardiac Cycle
Medulla oblongataMedulla oblongata Parasympathetic nerve fibersParasympathetic nerve fibers Sympathetic nerve fibersSympathetic nerve fibers HypothalamusHypothalamus Temperature changeTemperature change IonsIons
– Potassium ionsPotassium ions Hyperkalemia/HypokalemiaHyperkalemia/Hypokalemia
– Calcium ionsCalcium ionsHypercalcemia/HypocalcemiaHypercalcemia/Hypocalcemia
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Sympatheticnerve
Sympathetic trunk
Autonomic nerve impulses
Slide number: 1
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cerebrum(coronalsection)
Medulla(transversesection)
Spinal cord(transverse sections)
Hypothalamus
Cardiaccenter
Parasympatheticvagus nerve
S-A nodeA-V node
Sensoryfibers
Carotidsinus
Carotidbaroreceptors
Commoncarotid artery
Aorta
Aorticbaroreceptors
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What is atherosclerosis? What is atherosclerosis? Causes? Signs/symptoms? Causes? Signs/symptoms?
Treatments?Treatments?
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13.4 Blood Vessels13.4 Blood Vessels
ArteriesArteries– Strong, elastic, under high pressureStrong, elastic, under high pressure– 3 layers3 layers
Tunica internaTunica internaTunica mediaTunica mediaTunica externaTunica externa
ArteriolesArterioles– SmallerSmaller– Get thinner as they get closer to…Get thinner as they get closer to…
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CapillariesCapillaries
Gas/nutrient exhchangeGas/nutrient exhchange– OpeningsOpenings– Semi-permeableSemi-permeable– Concentration gradientConcentration gradient– Filtration and hydrostatic pressureFiltration and hydrostatic pressure– Osmotic pressureOsmotic pressure
Smooth muscle – regulates blood Smooth muscle – regulates blood distributiondistribution
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Water and other substances leave capillaries because of a net outward filtration pressure
Slide number: 2
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Capillary
Tissuecells
Lymphaticcapillary
Bloodflow fromarteriole
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Water and other substances leave capillaries because of a net outward filtration pressure
Slide number: 3
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Capillary
Tissuecells
Lymphaticcapillary
Bloodflow fromarteriole
Outward force,including hydrostaticpressure 41.3 mm Hg
Inward forceof osmoticpressure28 mm Hg
Net outward pressure13.3 mm Hg
Outward force, includinghydrostatic pressure
Net outward pressure
Inward force of osmoticpressure
= 41.3 mm Hg
= 13.3 mm Hg
= 28 mm Hg
Net force at arteriolar end
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Water and other substances leave capillaries because of a net outward filtration pressure
Slide number: 4
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Capillary
Tissuecells
Lymphaticcapillary
Bloodflow fromarteriole
Outward force,including hydrostaticpressure 41.3 mm Hg
Inward forceof osmoticpressure28 mm Hg
Net outward pressure13.3 mm Hg Outward force, including
hydrostatic pressure21.3 mm Hg
Inward force ofosmotic pressure28 mm Hg Net inward
pressure6.7 mm Hg
Outward force, includinghydrostatic pressure
Net outward pressure
Inward force of osmoticpressure
= 41.3 mm Hg
= 13.3 mm Hg
= 28 mm Hg
Net force at arteriolar end
Outward force, includinghydrostatic pressure
Net inward pressure
Inward force of osmoticpressure
= 21.3 mm Hg
= 6.7 mm Hg
= 28 mm Hg
Net force at venular end
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Water and other substances leave capillaries because of a net outward filtration pressure
Slide number: 5
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Capillary
Tissuecells
Lymphaticcapillary
Bloodflow tovenule
Bloodflow fromarteriole
Outward force,including hydrostaticpressure 41.3 mm Hg
Inward forceof osmoticpressure28 mm Hg
Net outward pressure13.3 mm Hg Outward force, including
hydrostatic pressure21.3 mm Hg
Inward force ofosmotic pressure28 mm Hg Net inward
pressure6.7 mm Hg
Outward force, includinghydrostatic pressure
Net outward pressure
Inward force of osmoticpressure
= 41.3 mm Hg
= 13.3 mm Hg
= 28 mm Hg
Net force at arteriolar end
Outward force, includinghydrostatic pressure
Net inward pressure
Inward force of osmoticpressure
= 21.3 mm Hg
= 6.7 mm Hg
= 28 mm Hg
Net force at venular end
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VeinsVeins
VenulesVenules VeinsVeins
– Thinner than arteriesThinner than arteries– Less smooth muscleLess smooth muscle– ValvesValves– Act as blood reservoirsAct as blood reservoirs
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How is blood pressure regulated?How is blood pressure regulated?
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13.5: Blood Pressure13.5: Blood Pressure
Arterial blood Arterial blood pressure:pressure:– Systolic pressureSystolic pressure– Diastolic pressureDiastolic pressure– PulsePulse
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Factors Influencing Blood PressureFactors Influencing Blood Pressure
Heart actionHeart action– Stroke volumeStroke volume– Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke
volumevolume Blood volumeBlood volume Peripheral resistancePeripheral resistance
– Vasoconstriction/VasidilationVasoconstriction/Vasidilation Blood viscosityBlood viscosity
– ResistanceResistance
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Control of Blood PressureControl of Blood Pressure
Regulation of cardiac outputRegulation of cardiac output– BaroreceptorsBaroreceptors– Medulla oblongata (cardiac center)Medulla oblongata (cardiac center)– KidneysKidneys– Exercise, body temp, fear/angerExercise, body temp, fear/anger
Regulation of peripheral resistanceRegulation of peripheral resistance– Vasomotor centerVasomotor center
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Venous Blood FlowVenous Blood Flow
Lower blood pressureLower blood pressure Skeletal muscle contractionsSkeletal muscle contractions VasoconstrictionVasoconstriction