What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct...

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What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory 3) Respond (movements, maintain homeostasis etc.) Nervous System http://asymptotia.com/wp-images/2007/08/ homer-simpson-wallpaper-brain-1024.jpg

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Page 1: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

What are the functions of the nervous system?

1) Detect stimuli (environment & self)

2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory

3) Respond (movements, maintain homeostasis etc.)

Nervous System

http://asymptotia.com/wp-images/2007/08/homer-simpson-wallpaper-brain-1024.jpg

Page 2: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

What are the Structural/functional units of the Nervous System?

• Nerve cells ~ Neurons

• Maintaining cells ~ Glial cells

Neuron anatomy:

Neuron cell body

Dendrites

Axons

Nervous System

Page 3: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

What are the different types of Neurons?

Structural types:

Multipolar

Bipolar

Unipolar

Functional types:

Association ~ Interneurons

Afferent ~ Sensory neurons

Efferent ~ Motor neurons

Nervous System

Page 4: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

What are the types of glial cells and what tasks do they accomplish?

Astrocytes:control substances entering/leaving CSF

Associated with blood-brain barrier which is formed by endothelial cells of blood vessels.

Nervous System

Page 5: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

Ependymal cells:

Line the ventricles (cavities) of CNS, create cerebral spinal fluid and aid in its circulation.

What are the types of glial cells and what tasks do they accomplish?

Nervous System

Page 6: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

Microglia:

Small specialized macrophages that attract to areas of damage in the CNS and phagocytize debris

What are the types of glial cells and what tasks do they accomplish?

Nervous System

Page 7: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

Oligodendrocytes:

Cells in the CNS that have multiple extensions that wrap around multiple axons forming myelin sheaths.

What are the types of glial cells and what tasks do they accomplish?

Nervous System

Page 8: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

Schwann cells:Cells in the PNS that wrap around single axons forming myelin sheaths.

The gaps in between Schwann cells are called Nodes of Ranvier

What are the types of glial cells and what tasks do they accomplish?

Nervous System

Page 9: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

The Brain: development…

Our central nervous system has humble origins early in our development (by 3rd wk.)

A plate (neural plate) of cells develop crests (neural crests) that rise and eventually meet and fuse leaving the hollow dorsal nerve cord & and ventricles of our CNS

Nervous System

Page 10: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

The Brain: development…

Swellings around 3 continuous chambers are precursors to forebrain (prosencephalon), midbrain (mesencephalon) and hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

Further differentiation results in 5 brain parts:

TelencephalonDiencephalonMesencephalonMetencephalonMyelencephalon

Nervous System

Page 11: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

The Brain: development…

TelencephalonDiencephalonMesencephalonMetencephalonMyelencephalon

Nervous System

http://classes.edowner.net/Z20H/Week%203/slides/Necturus-brain-ventral-view.html

Page 12: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

How is the Nervous System organized?

Brain

Spinal cord

Nerves

Sense organs

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

43 (12 cranial & 31 spinal nerves)

Nervous System

Page 13: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

The Brain: the big picture…

The basic components of the CNS include the:

• Cerebrum

• Diencephalon

• Cerebellum

• Brain stem

• Spinal cord

Nervous System

Page 14: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

The Brain: from the outside in…

The brain and spinal cord are protected by meninges

3 layers:Dura mater ~ outermost, tough, continuous with periosteum

Arachn oid mater ~ middle layer, spider-web appearance

Pia mater ~ innermost layer, not visible to naked eye

Nervous System

Page 15: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

The Brain: from the outside in…

100-160ml of CSF circulates throughout the ventricles, down the central canal of the spinal cord and throughout the subarachnoid space.

CSF is reabsorbed back into blood primarily at the venous sinuses found within the dura mater.

Nervous System

Page 16: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

The Brain: from the outside in…

Ventricles are comprised of 4 major cavities:1&2 ~ Right and Left Lateral ventricles

3rd ventricle space within thalamus

4th ventricle between cerebellum and brainstemchannel connecting 3rd and 4th cerebral (mesencephalon) aqueduct and if blocked can result in hydrocephaly

Nervous System

Page 17: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

The Brainstem: Medulla oblongata

Most inferior portion, functions as a conduction pathway (descending motor neuron pathways decussate here) Contralateral/IpsilateralReflex centers for:

regulating heart rate

blood vessel diameter

coughing, sneezing

breathing

swallowing

Nervous System

Page 18: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

The Brainstem: Pons

Superior to Medulla oblongata.

Contains more ascending and descending pathways.

Relays information from cerebrum to cerebellum.

Also includes sleep and respiratory centers.

Nervous System

Page 19: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

The Brainstem: Midbrain

Small section superior to the pons.

Part of the auditory pathways and visual reflexes

Also involved in regulating muscle tone/activity and coordination

Nervous System

Page 20: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

The Diencephalon: Thalamus

“Gateway to cerebral cortex”

Most sensory stimuli project to the thalamus, which in turn projects to the cerebrum.

Thalamus also influences moods and activities associated with strong emotion.

(Two concepts: Sensory integration and Mood)

Nervous System

Page 21: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

The Diencephalon: Hypothalamus Major control center of autonomic nervous system and endocrine system.

Centers associated with:

* Food/H2O intake* Thermoregulation* Cardiovascular regulation* Hormone secretion* Sleep/waking* Emotional behavior

Nervous System

Page 22: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

The Brain: Cerebrum (bumps and grooves)

The sulcus dividing frontal and parietal lobes is Central Sulcus.

Ridges on either side are Pre & Post gyri

Pre CS ~ motor cortex

Post CS ~ somatic sensory cortex

Motor

Sensory

Nervous System

Page 23: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

The Brain: Cerebellum

Responsible for balance, muscle tone and coordination

Fine motor coordination due to comparator function… compares intended movements with actual movements

Can also “learn” complex movements

Nervous System

Page 24: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?Nervous System

Page 25: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

Nervous SystemDoes the brain have any peripheral nerves?

Page 26: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

Nervous SystemDoes the brain have any peripheral nerves?

Page 27: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

Nervous SystemDoes the brain have any peripheral nerves?

Page 28: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

Nervous SystemDoes the brain have any peripheral nerves?

Page 29: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

Nervous SystemDoes the brain have any peripheral nerves?

Page 30: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

Nervous SystemDoes the brain have any peripheral nerves?

Page 31: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

Nervous SystemDoes the brain have any peripheral nerves?

Page 32: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

Nervous SystemDoes the brain have any peripheral nerves?

Page 33: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

Nervous SystemDoes the brain have any peripheral nerves?

Page 34: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

Nervous SystemDoes the brain have any peripheral nerves?

Page 35: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

Nervous SystemDoes the brain have any peripheral nerves?

Page 36: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

Nervous SystemWhy is the tongue innervated the way it is?

Depends on ontogenetic & phylogenetic history

Anterior = 1st arch = V

Taste buds = 1st 2nd arch = VII (for fish)

Posterior buds = 3rd arch = IX

Muscles are myotomal = XII

Page 37: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

What is the anatomy of the spinal cord?

Spinal cord is link between brain and PNS

Spinal cord ends ~ L2 vertebra but trailing nerves form Cauda equina

Enlargements for regions innervating limbs (Cervical and Lumbar)

Regions of convergence/divergence called plexuses

Nervous System

Page 38: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

How are the layers of the meninges arranged?

The dura mater extends down the vertebral foramen.

There is a subdural space that is largely a “potential space”

The arachnoid and pia maters are arranged similarly as in the cranium.

Nervous System

Page 39: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

Spinal cord contains white and gray matter (Remember the significance of each?)

Spinal cord w/ distinct anterior and posterior formations, including “horns” of gray matter. Posterior horn contains neuron cell bodies that synapse with afferent neurons.Anterior horn contains neuron cell bodies that send efferent axonLateral horns ~ autonomic neuron cell bodies

How does spinal cord form denote function?

gangli

Nervous System

Page 40: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

What are the various spinal reflexes and how do they work?

Crossed extensor (withdrawal 3) reflex:

1)

2)

3)

Nervous System

Page 41: What are the functions of the nervous system? 1) Detect stimuli (environment & self) 2) Conduct impulses, integrate, evaluate impulses (stimuli), memory.

Spinal nerves innervate specific regions of the body and are mapped out on a Dermatomal map

Predict the possible site of nerve damage for a patient who suffered whiplash and developed anesthesia in the left arm, forearm and hand!

What is the association between cutaneous sensation and spinal nerves?

Nervous System


3.3 Unit 1: Biology 1 - Tutor Zone · their surroundings and coordinate their behaviour. b) Cells called receptors detect stimuli (changes in the environment). Receptors and the stimuli

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The Senses. Introduction Sensory receptors detect environmental changes and trigger nerve impulses that travel on sensory pathways. The body reacts with.

The Senses. Introduction Sensory receptors detect environmental changes and trigger nerve impulses that travel on sensory pathways. The body reacts with.

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The Senses Anatomy & Physiology II Chapter 11. The Senses Sensory receptors detect and respond to stimuli (environmental change) Activation of receptors.

The Senses Anatomy & Physiology II Chapter 11. The Senses Sensory receptors detect and respond to stimuli (environmental change) Activation of receptors.

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Sensory System - Northwest Career and Technical · Sensory System • Sensory system –vision –hearing –smell –taste –touch • Receives stimuli and sends impulses to the

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RECEPTORS & EFFECTORS RECEPTORS Receptors are groups of specialized cells. They can detect changes in the environment, which are called stimuli, and turn.

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Positioning osmotic impulses

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Title: Sensitivity and responding to stimuli 13 th February 2014 Learning question: How do animals detect stimuli? L.O 2.19 – 2.23 Homework: Past paper.

Title: Sensitivity and responding to stimuli 13 th February 2014 Learning question: How do animals detect stimuli? L.O 2.19 – 2.23 Homework: Past paper.

White Coat Syndrome - KDA · The barrage of pain impulses to the CNS produces “central sensitization”: an exaggerated CNS response to even gentle peripheral stimuli. Apprehensive

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Somatic and Special Senses - fmfranco.com · 1 General (Somatic) and Special Senses I. Receptors and Sensations A. Sensory Receptors 1. Detect change, trigger nerve impulses. 2. Five

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