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What are the common format for video files?What are the common format for video files?
What are the difference between VCD and DVD?What are the difference between VCD and DVD?
How can we produce video files to fit our needs?How can we produce video files to fit our needs?
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Activity --- Video Editing
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5.1 Different Video Attributes Video Standards
Different countries use different video standards for broadcasting
Video standard
Full name Countries
PAL Phase Alternate Line
The United Kingdom, most countries in Europe, Hong Kong, China, Singapore, Australia
NTSC National Television Standards Committee
The United States, Japan, Taiwan
SECAM Sequential Colour And Memory
France, Russia
TV display standards in different countries
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5.1 Different Video Attributes Frames
Digitized video consists of a sequence of frames
Slightly different frames are displayed successively at high speed → continuous motion
A video actually consists of individual frames
Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3 Frame 4 Frame 5 Frame 6 Frame 7 Frame 8
Frame 9 Frame 10 Frame 11 Frame 12 Frame 13 Frame 14 Frame 15 Frame 16
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5.1 Different Video Attributes Frame Size
The width and height of individual frames
Larger frame size → higher video quality → larger file size
Aspect ratio the ratio of the video width to its height What are the common aspect ratio used?
4:3 16:9
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5.1 Different Video Attributes
Frame size Aspect ratio Application
720 × 576 5 : 4 PAL DVD
480 × 576 5 : 6 PAL SVCD
352 × 288 11 : 9 PAL VCD
240 × 180 4 : 3 Web video
160 × 120 4 : 3Web video or
video mail
What are the frame size of TVs?
Traditional TV: 500 x 375
LCD/Plasma TV (32”): 1366 x 768
HD TV: 1920 x 1080(i./p)
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5.1 Different Video Attributes Colour Depth
Each video frame is composed of pixels arranged in a rectangular grid
The colour depth of each pixel specifies the number of bits used to store colour information
Most video has 24-bit colour depth
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5.1 Different Video Attributes Frame Rate
The number of video frames displayed on the screen in one second
Measured in frames per second (fps) Higher frame rate (above 24 fps) → smoother motion
Frame rate (fps) Multimedia system
30 NTSC TV
25 PAL TV
24 Movie films
15 Computer video or animation (such as Flash
movies)12
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5.1 Different Video Attributes
Effect of frame rate
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5.1 Different Video Attributes Bit Rate (Encoding bit rate)
Determines the number of bits used to store one-second video
Can also be regarded as the number of bits passing through a particular point in a video stream
Measured in bits per second (bps)
The idea of video bit rate. The bit rate of video stream B is double of that of stream A.
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5.1 Different Video Attributes Bit Rate (encoding bit rate)
Increasing bit rate → higher quality → larger file size Choice of bit rate depends on user’s network connection speed
Low bit rate causes substantial quality loss
Bit rate: 20 kbpsFile size: 56 KB
Bit rate: 50 kbpsFile size: 127 KB
Bit rate: 100 kbps
File size: 274 KB
Bit rate: 450 kbps
File size: 1,113 KB
increasing bit rate
increasing qualityIncreasing file size
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The following videos have different bit rate, can you see the different?
80 kbps 700 kbps
5.1 Different Video Attributes
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5.1 Different Video Attributes Video File Size (uncompressed)
Can be estimated by the formula,
Video file size
Frame size
Colour depth
Frame rate
Duration ×× ×=
Consider a ten-second DVD frame size video clip (without audio), the uncompressed file size is:(720 × 576) pixels/frame × 24 bits/pixel × 25 frames/second × 10 seconds= 2,488,320,000 bits= 311,040,000 bytes= 296.6 MB
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5.1 Different Video Attributes Codec (Compressor and Decompressor)
The software used to compress and decompress video files Compression reduces the storage space and the video access time
Original video
Compressed videoCompression Decompressio
n
Storage Decompressed video
(playback)This step requires the appropriate codec installed on user’s computer
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5.1 Different Video Attributes Codec (Compressor and Decompresso
r) Most codecs are lossy Final file size governed by a quality factor a
nd encoding bit rate Some common codecs
MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4Windows Media VideoDivXRealVideo Intel Indeo®Video Cinepak Codec by Radius
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5.3 Common Video File Formats
Audio Video Interleave (AVI) Native Windows video format
developed by Microsoft Data storage
Video data and audio data are stored in an interleaved manner
Improves the synchronization of audio and video playing
The structure of an AVI file
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5.3 Common Video File Formats
Audio Video Interleave (AVI) Large file size in uncompressed format Supports many codecs
The same 15-second AVI video in 3 formats
AVI (MPEG-4 codec)File size: 3.28 MB
AVI (Cinepak Codec by Radius)
File size: 13.1 MB
AVI (uncompressed)File size: 111 MB
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5.3 Common Video File Formats Motion Picture Experts Group
(MPEG, MPG) A lossy compression file format Preserves video quality yet supports high
compression ratio Stores only changes between successive
frames, not all the image information of every individual frame → high compression
1 2
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5.3 Common Video File Formats
Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG, MPG) A family of compression standards
Standard
Maximum resolution
Encoding bit rate
Application
MPEG-1 (1992)
352 × 288 (PAL)
352 × 240 (NTSC)
1.5 Mbps Video CDs, interactive CD-ROMs and MPEG-1 Audio Layer-3 music
MPEG-2 (1994)
720 × 576 (PAL)
720 × 480 (NTSC)
Varying up to 4 Mbps
DVDs and digital TV broadcast
MPEG-4 (1998) -
From 64 kbps up to 4 Mbps
Video in digital camera mobile phone, iPod and QuickTime
MPEG-4 can be as good as MPEG-2, but an MPEG-4 video is of a smaller file size and at a lower bit rate
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5.3 Common Video File Formats Windows Media Video (WMV, ASF)
A streaming compressed video format developed by Microsoft
Can be played by Windows Media Player Can be created with Windows Movie Maker
Windows Media Player Windows Movie Maker
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5.3 Common Video File Formats
RealVideo (RV, RM) A proprietary compressed streaming audio
format developed by RealNetworks Can be played by RealPlayer RealProducer can encode video in other fil
e formats with various bit rate. Example 1 Example 2
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RealVideo support video streaming a user does not have to wait to download
the whole video file before watching it
Without streaming With streaming
5.3 Common Video File Formats
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5.3 Common Video File Formats
QuickTime (MOV) A streaming compressed multimedia file
format on Macintosh computers Can store text, still images and animation Can be played with QuickTime Player
QuickTime proQuickTime Player
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QuickTime VR support virtual reality (VR) for
mat can display 360º panoramas
of scenic
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
QuickTime VR
5.3 Common Video File Formats
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5.2 Capture Digital Video Concept
To capture digital video, it is necessary to haveA capturing device (a camcorder)A storage mediumVideo encoding hardware and software
Video encoding
hardware and software
Video capturing
device
Storage medium
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5.2 Capture Digital Video Examples
Video capturing devicesDV camcorder (or Handycam)Digital cameraWebcam
Video encoding hardwareVideo capture cardAn external video capturing device
DVD-recorder IEEE 1394 (firewire/i-link) Video capturing and editing software is us
ually bundled with the hardware product
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5.2 Capture Digital Video Examples
A video capture card (top left) and an external video capturing device (bottom left) from Pinnacle. Moviestar, the video capturing and editing software, is bundled with the capturing hardware (right).
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5.4 Simple Video Editing
Common video editing techniquestrimming (cutting) video clipsadding titlesadding filtersadding transitionsimporting still imagesadding background music
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