What are nutrients? Essential substances that your body needs in order to grow and stay healthy What...
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What are nutrients?• Essential substances that your body
needs in order to grow and stay healthy
What is a Nutrient?
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Nutrients
• Some provide energy. • All help build cells and
tissues, regulate bodily processes such as breathing.
• No single food supplies all the nutrients the body needs to function.
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Nutrients in the Human Diet
• Macronutrients– Water– Amino Acids and Proteins– Lipids– Carbohydrates
• Micronutrients– Vitamins– Minerals
Six categories of nutrients:
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Healthy Diets Require:
• Water
• Carbs, Proteins, Lipids, Amino Acids
• Vitamins:
- water-soluble (thiamine, riboflavin, folic acid)
- fat-soluble (Vitamin A, D, E, K)
• Minerals (Fe, Ca, P, Na, K)
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Water• Solvent in which the chemistry of life occurs
– cell chemistry occurs in an aqueous medium– water carries essential nutrients to cells– water carries metabolic wastes away from cells– hydrolysis & dehydration reaction– stabilizes body temp
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Carbohydrates
• Energy Metabolism– catabolism of glucose during cellular
respiration yields ATP for energy-requiring activities
– glucose stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle cell fibers
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Carbohydrates• Dietary Fiber
– water-insoluble fiber adds bulk to fecal matter facilitating its passage through and elimination from the digestive system
– water-soluble fiber may absorb dietary cholesterol, reducing its absorption by the digestion tract
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Lipids• Triglycerides (Fats)
– energy storage molecules– protect and cushion delicate body organs– source of the raw materials for the
construction of phospholipids– unsaturated versus saturated fats
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Lipids• Saturated Fats
– Solid at RT– Milk, cheese, meat– Not good for you
• Unsaturated Fats– Liquid at RT– Distorted double bounds– Canola, olive, peanut oil– Better choice
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Lipids• Steroids (e.g., cholesterol)
– precursor molecules for steroid hormones, vitamin D, bile salts
– fundamental component of plasma membranes (influence membrane fluidity)
– HDL-cholesterol versus LDL-cholesterol
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Proteins
• Enzymes • Structural proteins (shape and
form of cells and tissues)• Hormones• Immunoglobulins (antibodies)
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Essential Amino Acids
• Tryptophan• Methionine• Valine• Threonine
• Phenylalanine• Leucine• Isoleucine• Lysine
• Histidine(infants)
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Complete ProteinsVersus
Incomplete Proteins
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• Vegetarian diet may result in protein deficiency
• Need essential amino acids– beans lysine – corn the methionine
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Vitamins• Organic compounds needed by
the body in small, but essential amounts
• Cannot be synthesized by the body in sufficient amounts
• Function in a variety of ways in metabolic reactions
• Thirteen known vitamins
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Water-Soluble Vitamins
vsWater-Insoluble
Vitamins
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Water-Soluble Vitamins
Pantothenic acid
Biotin
B12 (cyanocobalamin)
Folic acid
C (ascorbic acid)
B1 (thiamin)
B2 (riboflavin)
Niacin
B6 (pyridoxine)
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Water-Insoluble Vitamins
A (retinol)DEK
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Minerals
• Essential inorganic elements• Involved in a variety of
metabolic processes• Major minerals versus trace
minerals
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Major MineralsCalcium
PhosphorusMagnesiumSodiumPotassiumChlorine
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Trace Minerals
IronIodineFluorideZincCopper
Manganese
Cobalt
Selenium
Chromium
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• An animal whose diet is missing one or more essential nutrients.
Giraffe eats bone to get phosphorus nutrient
Malnourishment
Giraffe eats bone to get phosphorus nutrient
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• Impaired cognitive development
• Won’t attain full height
• More susceptible to disease and infection
Malnourishment
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• Healthy diets requires essential amino acids otherwise protein synthesis is retarded.
• Special adaptations during molting (non-feeding time)– uses their muscle proteins
as a source of amino acids to make new proteins
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Feeding Types:
• Herbivores
• Carnivores
• Omnivores
• Detritivores
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Some Feeding TypesSome Feeding TypesMany species don’t fit into convenient categories
• Algal Grazers and Browsers• Suspension Feeding• Filter Feeding• Deposit Feeding• Benthic Animal Predators• Plankton Pickers• Corallivores• Piscivores• Omnivores• Detritivores• Scavengers• Parasites• Cannibals• Ontogenetic dietary shifts
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Fig. 41-6a
Humpback whale, a suspension feeder
Baleen
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Fig. 41-6b
Leaf miner caterpillar,a substrate feeder
Caterpillar Feces
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Fig. 41-6c
Mosquito, a fluid feeder
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Fig. 41-6d
Rock python, a bulk feeder
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Deep sea gulper
Large expandable stomach
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Overview of Food Processing
The four main stages of food processing:
1. Ingestion
2. Digestion
3. Absorption
4. Elimination
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Digestion occurs in specialized compartments
The simplest digestive compartments are food vacuoles; it is a process termed intracellular digestion
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Gastrovascular cavity
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Complete Digestive Tracts (Alimentary Canal)
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Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 41.13
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Digestive ProcessDigestive Process
1.1. IngestionIngestion2.2. PropulsionPropulsion3.3. Mechanical DigestionMechanical Digestion
• MasticationMastication• Churning food in stomachChurning food in stomach
4.4. Chemical digestionChemical digestion5.5. AbsorptionAbsorption6.6. DefecationDefecation
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incisors
cuspid
premolars
molars
TeethTeeth
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enameldentinpulp cavity
root canal
bone
blood vessels
crown
neck
root
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• Dentition, an animal’s assortment of teeth, is one example of structural variation reflecting diet.
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Salivary GlandsSalivary Glands
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Salivawatermucin
amylase
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The Tongue
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Taste BudsTaste Buds
Circumvallate Papilla
Filiformpapilla
Fungiformpapilla
Connective tissue Tongue epithelium
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Salty- metallic ions
Sweet- sugarSweet- sugar
Sour- HSour- H++
Bitter- alkaloidBitter- alkaloid
Why are they important?
Umami- savory/meatyUmami- savory/meaty
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Peristalsis
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The Stomach
esophaguscardiac sphincter
pyloric sphincterduodenum
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Stomach Secretions
Gastric Gland:Gastric Gland:Mucus cellsMucus cellsChief cellsChief cells
Parietal cellsParietal cells
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Mucous neck cells- found in upper region of gastric glands produce• mucous
Parietal cells- in gastric gland of mucosa
produce• HCl – kills most bacteria• Intrinsic factor (required for absorption of vit. B12 in sm intestine, which is needed for producing mature erythrocytes)
Zymogenic (chief) cells-
produce• pepsinogen (inactive form of pepsin, which becomes active in presence of HCl) • rennin (milk digestion in children) protein digestion
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Enteroendocrine cells in stomach mucosaproduces:
• Gastrin- regulates stomach secretions and mobility
• Histamine- activates parietal cells to release HCl• Endorphins- natural opiates• Serotonin- causes contraction of stomach
muscle• Cholecystokinin (CCK)- (in duodenal mucosa)
many functions and affects many organs• Somatostatin- (stomach and duodenal mucosa)
- inhibits gastrin, pancreatic secretions, inhibits GI blood flow in sm intestine…
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Gastric ulcers- erosion of stomach wall; pain occurs 1-3 hrs after eating--- new research90% of recurrent ulcers due to bacterial infection (Helicobacter pylori), which destroys mucous protective barrier; use antibiotic therapy to kill bacteria
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Pancreatic Enzymestrypsin
chemotrypsin
carboxypeptidase
amylase
phospholipase
lipase
nucleases
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lumenmuscle layers
foldsvilli
Intestinal StructureIntestinal Structure
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epithelial cells
capillaries
lacteal
Intestinal VillusIntestinal Villus
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Intestinal Membrane Enzymes
disaccharidasesdisaccharidasesaminopeptidaseaminopeptidase
dipeptidasesdipeptidasesnucleotidasesnucleotidasesnucleosidasesnucleosidases
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Figure 41.16 The duodenum
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Bilebile saltsbile salts
bile pigmentsbile pigments
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cecum appendix
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending
colon
sigmoidal
colon
rectum
internal anal sphincter external anal sphincter
anal canal
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• The length of the vertebrate digestive system is also correlated with diet.
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• Cellulose is difficult to digest• Termites have symbiotic
bacteria• Some bacteria and protists
have enzymes that hydrolyze cellulose
Symbiotic microorganisms aid in digestion
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