NANOROBOTICS &

CRYONICS AN IMPLEMENTATION OF

NANOTECHNOLOGY

Authorised BySANTOSH BHARADWAJ REDDYEmail: help@matlabcodes.comEngineeringpapers.blogspot.comMore Papers and Presentations available on above site

Abstract:

Nanotechnology is a fascinating science

for many scientists as it offers them

many challenges.One such challenge is

Nanorobots, which once thought to be a

fantasy has come into reality now.The

proposed application of nanorobots can

range from common cold to dreadful

disease like cancer.. The study of

nanorobots has lead to the field of

Nanomedicine. Nanomedicine offers the

prospect of powerful new tools for the

treatment of human diseases and the

improvement of human biological

systems.

Cryonics is the process of using

ultra cold temperature to preserve the

dead body. Molecular Nanotechnology

is the best way for Cryonics.Preservation

may continue for decades or centuries.

Cryonic suspension is a method of

stabilizing the condition of someone

who is terminally ill so that they can be

transported to the medical care facilities

that will be available in the late 21st or

22nd century.

Introduction:

Representation of nano

The present era of Nanotechnology has

reached to a stage where scientists are

able to develop programmable and

externally controllable complex

machines that are built at molecular level

which can work inside the patient’s

body. Nanotechnology will enable

engineers to construct sophisticated

nanorobots that can navigate the human

body, transport important molecules,

manipulate microscopic objects and

communicate with physicians by way of

miniature sensors, motors, manipulators,

power generators and molecular-scale

computers. The idea to build a nanorobot

comes from the fact that the body’s

natural nanodevices; the neutrophiles,

lymphocytes and white blood cells

constantly move about the body,

repairing damaged tissues, attacking and

eating invading micro-organisms.

What are nanorobots?

Nano robotics is emerging as a

demanding field dealing with miniscule

things at molecular level. Nanorobots are

quintessential nanoelectromechanical

systems designed to perform a specific

task with precision at nanoscale

dimensions. Its advantage over

conventional medicine lies on its size.

The Constituents and Design of

Nanorobots:

Nanorobots will possess full panoply of

autonomous subsystems whose design is

derived from biological models.. The

various components in the nanorobot

design may include onboard sensors,

motors, manipulators, power supplies,

and molecular computers.

Approaches for the Construction

of Nanorobots:

There are two main approaches to

building at the nanometer scale:

positional assembly and self-assembly.

In positional assembly, investigators

employ some devices such as the arm of

a miniature robot to pick up molecules

one by one and assemble them manually.

In contrast, self-assembly is much less

painstaking, because it takes advantage

of the natural tendency of certain

molecules to seek one another out. With

self-assembling components, all that

investigators have to do is put billions of

them into a beaker and let their natural

affinities join them automatically into

the desired configurations.

Recognition of Target Site by

Nanorobots

Different molecule types are

distinguished by a series of chemotactic

sensors whose binding sites have a

different affinity for each kind of

molecule. The control system must

ensure a suitable performance. It can be

demonstrated with a determined number

of nanorobots responding as fast as

possible for a specific task based

scenario. Nanorobot Control Design

(NCD) simulator was developed, which

is software for nanorobots in

environments with fluids dominated by

Brownian motion and viscous rather

than inertial forces.

First, as a point of comparison, the

scientists used the nanorobots’ small

Brownian motions to find the target by

random search. In a second method, the

nanorobots monitor for chemical

concentration significantly above the

background level. After detecting the

signal, a nanorobot estimates the

concentration gradient and moves

toward higher concentrations until it

reaches the target. In the third approach,

nanorobots at the target release another

chemical, which others use as an

additional guiding signal to the target.

With these signal concentrations, only

nanorobots passing within a few microns

of the target are likely to detect the

signal.

So, the nanorobot uses this information

to determine when enough nanorobots

are at the target, thereby terminating any

additional “attractant” signal a nanorobot

may be releasing.

Nanorobots in Cancer Detection

and Treatment

The development of nanorobots may

provide remarkable advances for

diagnosis and treatment of cancer.

Nanorobots could be a very helpful and

hopeful for the therapy of patients, since

current treatments like radiation therapy

and chemotherapy often end up

destroying more healthy cells than

cancerous ones. The Nanorobots will be

able to distinguish between different cell

types that is the malignant and the

normal cells by checking their surface

antigens.

Nanoparticles armed to

combat cancer

This is accomplished by the use of

chemotactic sensors. Using chemical

sensors they can be programmed to

detect different levels of E-cadherin and

beta-catenin in primary and metastatic

phases. Medical nanorobots will then

destroy these cells, and only these cells.

The following control methods were

considered:

Random: nanorobots moving

passively with the fluid reaching

the target only if they bump into

it due to Brownian motion.

Follow gradient: nanorobots

monitor concentration intensity

for E-cadherin signals, when

detected, measure and follow the

gradient until reaching the target.

Follow gradient with attractant:

Thus, a higher gradient of signal

intensity of E-cadherin is used as

chemical parameter identification in

guiding nanorobots to identify malignant

tissues. Integrated nanosensors can be

used for this.

Nanorobots in the Diagnosis and

Treatment of Diabetes

Glucose carried through the blood

stream is important to maintain the

human metabolism working healthfully,

and its correct level is a key issue in the

diagnosis and treatment of diabetes. The

most interesting aspect of the protein

hSGLT3 is the fact that it serves as a

sensor to identify glucose.

The simulated nanorobot prototype

model has embedded Complementary

Metal Oxide semi-conductor (CMOS)

nanobioelectronics. It features a size of

~2 micronmeter, which permits it to

operate freely inside the body. For the

glucose monitoring the nanorobot uses

embedded chemosensor that involves the

modulation of hSGLT3 protein

glucosensor activity.Through its onboard

chemical sensor, the nanorobot can thus

effectively determine if the patient needs

to inject insulin or take any further

action, such as any medication clinically

prescribed. The image of the NCD

simulator workspace shows the inside

view of a venule blood vessel with grid

texture, red blood cells (RBCs) and

nanorobots.

They flow with the RBCs through the

bloodstream detecting the glucose levels.

At a typical glucose concentration, the

nanorobots try to keep the glucose levels

ranging around 130 mg/dl for the Blood

Glucose Levels (BGLs). In the medical

nanorobot architecture, the significant

measured data can be then transferred

automatically through the RF signals to

the mobile phone carried by the patient.

At any time, if the glucose achieves

critical levels, the nanorobot emits an

alarm through the mobile phone.

Controlling Glucose Level using

Nanorobots

In the simulation, the nanorobot is

programmed also to emit a signal based

on specified lunch times, and to measure

the glucose levels in desired intervals of

time. The nanorobot can be programmed

to activate sensors and measure regularly

the BGLs early in the morning, before

the expected breakfast time. Levels are

measured again each 2 hours after the

planned lunchtime. The same procedures

can be programmed for other meals

through the day times. A multiplicity of

blood borne nanorobots will allow

glucose monitoring not just at a single

site but also in many different locations

simultaneously throughout the body,

thus permitting the physician to

assemble a whole-body map of serum

glucose concentrations and also informs.

Nano robots use sensors to detect

glucose levels in bloodstream.

This important data may help doctors

and specialists to supervise and improve

the patient medication and daily diet.

This process using nanorobots may be

more convenient and safe for making

feasible an automatic system for data

collection and patient monitoring. It may

also avoid eventually infections due the

daily small cuts to collect blood samples,

possibly loss of data, and even avoid

patients in a busy week to forget doing

some of their glucose sampling. These

Recent developments on

nanobioelectronics show how to

integrate system devices and cellular

phones to achieve a better control of

glucose levels for patients with diabetes.

FURTHER APPLICATIONS

OF NANOROBOTS

Nanorobots could be used to

maintain tissue oxygenation in

the absence of respiration, repair

and recondition the human

vascular tree eliminating heart

disease and stroke damage, and

instantly staunch bleeding after

traumatic injury.

Nanorobots might be used as

well to seek and break kidney

stones.

Nanorobots equipped with

nanosensors could be developed

to deliver anti-HIV drugs.

Medical nanodevices could

augment the immune system by

finding and disabling unwanted

bacteria and viruses.

Nanorobots could be used in

precision treatment and cell

targeted delivery, in performing

nanosurgery.

CRYONICS:

WHAT IS CRYONICS?? Cryonics is the practice of preserving

human bodies in extremely cold

temperatures with the hope of reviving

them sometime in the future. The idea is

that, if someone has "died" from a disease

that is incurable today, he or she can be

"frozen" and then revived in the future

when a cure has been discovered. A

person preserved this way is said to be in

cryonic suspension.

Life can be stopped and restarted

if its basic structure is preserved. The

emerging science of

nanotechnology will eventually

lead to the devices capable of preserving

the bodies at temperature that could stop

heart, brain and other organs from

functioning and recovering any

preserved person in which the basic

brain structures encoding memory and

personality remain intact.

WHY CRYONICS??There are various modern preservative

procedures available which are

collectively called Cryonics. Cryonics allows carrying out a

suspension before a declaration of

death, preserving the maximum

amount of neural information.

NANOTECHNOLOGY AND CRYONICS: In the final analysis, aging and death

have only one cause: for whatever

reason, the atoms and molecules in our

bodies have moved from their proper

positions; and other molecules and

atoms have moved into positions

where they should not be. The

molecular machinery in our bodies

maintains our lives by handling

molecules at the molecular level. The

cell repair machines of molecular

nanotechnology will not only prevent

the natural causes of death, but most

death by trauma as well. Artificial

molecular machines can perform

repairs far faster than the natural

healing process.

HOW IS CRYONICS PERFORMED??

If a person has to be preserved using

cryonics the heart of the person should

stop beating and the person should be

pronounced “legally dead”. The team

of cryonicists stabilizes the body,

supplying the brain with enough

oxygen and blood to preserve minimal

function until it can be transported to

the suspension facility. Then body is

packed in ice and injected with heparin

(an anticoagulant) to prevent blood

from clotting.

After this the actual freezing begins. The

patients can’t be simply put into a vat of

liquid nitrogen, because the water inside

their cells would freeze. When water

freezes, it expands, this would cause the

cells to simply shatter. So we have to

remove water from the cells and replace it

with a glycerol based chemical mixture

called a Cryoprotectant – a sort of

human antifreeze.

Parts of body protected with

Cryoprotectant and frozen

The goal is to protect the organs and

tissues from forming ice crystals at

extremely low temperatures. This

process is called Vitrification. Once the water in the body is

replaced with the Cryoprotectant, the

body is cooled on a bed of dry ice until

it reaches -130 C (-202 F), completing

the vitrification process. The next step

is to insert body into an individual Al

container that is then placed into a

large metal tank filled with liquid

nitrogen. The body is stored head

down, so if there were ever a leak in

the tank; brain would stay immersed in

the freezing liquid.

This container is designed to hold four

whole body patients and six

neuropatients immersed in liquid

nitrogen at -196 degrees Celsius. Liquid

nitrogen is added periodically to replace

the small amount that evaporates.

Supplying brain with oxygen and blood

Cryo patient in Al container

THE HISTORY OF CRYONICS:

The first person to be

cryogenically frozen was a 73-year-old

psychologist, Dr. James Bedford, who

was suspended in 1967. His body is

reportedly still in good condition at

Alcor Life Extension Foundation. The

idea that a person could be frozen and

then brought back to life when the

technology had evolved far enough

originated with the book "The Prospect

of Immortality," written by physics

teacher. Robert Ettinger in 1964. The

word "cryonics" is derived from the

Greek term for "cold."

CASE STUDY – TED WILLIAMS:

Dozens of people are being stored in

cryonic facilities. Probably the most

famous of them is baseball legend Ted

Williams. But no one has actually been

revived, because the technology to do

so still does not exist.

Since his death in 2002, baseball

legend Ted Williams has been stored

in a 10foot tall stainless steel container

at Alcor Life Extension Foundation in

Arizona, the world’s largest cryonics

facility. His head is being stored in a

separate container.

Conclusion

Nanotechnology as a diagnostic

and treatment tool for patients with

cancer and diabetes showed how actual

developments in new manufacturing

technologies are enabling innovative

works which may help in constructing

and employing nanorobots most

effectively for biomedical problems.

Nanorobots are also candidates for

industrial applications. The advent of

molecular nanotechnology will again

expand enormously the effectiveness,

comfort and speed of future medical

treatments while at the same time

significantly reducing their risk, cost,

and invasiveness. Its application in

Cryonics is very interesting and useful.

References

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direct

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http://www.foresight.org/Nanomedicine

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nano robos: From:

http://www.rfreitas.com/Nano/JNNDime

rTool.pdf

. 4. Freitas Jr. R.A., Nanomedicine,

Volume IIA: Biocompatibility, Landes

Bioscience, and Georgetown, TX, 2003.

5.  Fadok V.A., Voelker D.R., Campbell P.A., Cohen J.J., Bratton D.L., Henson P.M., J. Immunol. 148, 2207 (1992).

6.   Grakoui A., Bromley S.K., Sumen C., Da Vis M.M., Shaw A.S., Allen P.M., Dustin M.L., Science 285, 221 (1999).

7.   Freitas, Jr. R.A., Nanomedicine, Volume I: Basic Capabilities, Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, TX (1999); Sections (a) 3.4.2.

Authorised BySANTOSH BHARADWAJ REDDYEmail: help@matlabcodes.comEngineeringpapers.blogspot.comMore Papers and Presentations available on above site