Survey of Microorganisms 1. Virus 2. Bacteria 3. Cyanobacteria 4. Algae 5. Fungi 6. protozoa.
What are microbes? algae bacteria cyanobacteria protozoa mold yeast helminths viruses.
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Transcript of What are microbes? algae bacteria cyanobacteria protozoa mold yeast helminths viruses.
Taxonomy
http://www.linnean.org/html/history/linnaeus_biography.htm
http://www.nhm.ac.uk/library/linn/
Three Domain System
Animals
Plants
Marine group 1
EUKARYA EUBACTERIA
ARCHAEA
Fungi
Paramecium
Porphyra
Dictylostelium
Entamoeba
Naegleria
Euglena
Trypanosoma
Physarum
Encephalitozoan
ValrimorphaHexamita
Giardia
Trichomonas
ChromatiumRiftia
E. coli
Organisms visible to human eye
Chlorobium
Agrobacterium
ThermusThermomicrobium
AquifexThermotoga
Bacillus
Cytophaga
Epulopiscium
Synechococcus
Methanococcus
Methanobacterium
Methanopyros
Thermococcus
Haloferax
Methanospirillum
Methanosarcina
Sulfolobus
ThermoproteusThermofilum
pSL50
pSL4pSL22
pSL12
pJP27
pJP78
Black, J.G. (2002) Fig. 9.13
Taxonomical “ranks”
Human Being
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Order Primata
Family Homindae
Genus Homo
Species H. sapiens
after Alcamo Fig. 3.4
Bacterial nomenclature
• Genus + species
• e.g.:– Escherichia (genus) coli (species)– Bacillus subtilis– Enterococcus faecalis
OR, OR, underlineunderline if handwritten: if handwritten:
Enterococcus faecalisEnterococcus faecalis
• strains? (subspecies)strains? (subspecies)
Where do bacteria come from?
chroococcalean formchroococcalean form
PalaeolyngbyaPalaeolyngbya
www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/ bacteria/cyanofr.html
Where do bacteria live?
• EVERYWHERE! (almost)
• humans host 1014 bacterial cells in 1013 human cells!
• NOT found inside tissues (of organisms)
What do microbes do?
• Eat, grow, and divide!!
• How to accomplish?– modify metabolism– make toxins– structural
modifications
www.microbiologyonline.org.uk/ faq.html
Why do we care?
• Disease
• Agriculture
• Food and beverages
• Chemicals
• Basic research
• Biotechnology
How did microbiology become a science?
• Anthony van Leeuwenhoek (late 1600’s)
microscope
micrograph
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“seeds” of contagion
infection
symptoms courses
Joseph Lister
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www.umanitoba.ca/.../medicine/ history/lister/anessurg.html
Koch establishes causative link between B. anthracis & anthrax
www.robert-koch-stiftung.de/ ziele.html
Robert KochRobert Koch
http://www.vdem.state.va.us/prepare/terrorismtoolkit/anthraxoverview.htm
Suspected microbe must be present in EVERY case of the disease
Must isolate & grow pure culture of microbe
Diseased subjects Microbe not typically found in healthy subjects
Cultured microbe must cause disease when inoculated into a healthy, susceptible host
Same microbe must be isolated from diseased experimental host
Koch’s Postulates
Exceptions to Koch’s postulates
• Organism can’t be cultured– e.g. Mycobacterium leprae
• Combination of pathogens
• Ethical considerations
“Golden Age” of Microbiology: Late 1800s
DISEASEAnthraxGonorrheaTyphoid feverMalariaTuberculosisCholeraDiphtheriaTetanusDiarrheaPneumoniaMeningitisGas gangrene
CAUSATIVE AGENTBacillus anthracisNeisseria gonorrheaSalmonella typhiPlasmodium spp.Mycobacterium tuberculosisVibrio choleraCorynebacterium diphtheriaeClostridium tetaniEscherichia coliStreptococcus pneumoniaeNeisseria meningitidisClostridium perfringens
YEAR1867187918841880188218831883-841885-891885188618871892
What’s included in “microbiology”?
Basic research microbiology
MicrobiologyMicrobiology
Applied microbiology
BacteriologyPhycologyMycology
ProtozoologyParasitology
Virology
Microbial metabolismMicrobial geneticsMicrobial ecologyM
icro
bial
taxo
nom
y
ImmunologyEpidemiology
Etiology
In relation to diseaseBy processBy kind of organism
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What’s included in “microbiology”?
Basic research Basic research microbiologymicrobiology
MicrobiologyMicrobiology
Applied microbiology
Infection controlChemotherapy
Environmental microbiology
Food/Beverage technologyPharmaceutical microbiologyGenetic engineering
IndustrialEnvironmentalDisease-related
Aft
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