WHAT ARE BIOMEMS? - MEMS for High School Students · 2014-02-18 · MEMS vs. bioMEMS MEMS use...

30
WHAT ARE BIOMEMS? Micro Nano Tech Conference 2011 Retina Array [Courtesy of Sandia National Laboratories] Micro-pump for insulin [Printed with permission from Debiotech SA] Lab-on-a-chip [Courtesy of Sandia National Laboratories]

Transcript of WHAT ARE BIOMEMS? - MEMS for High School Students · 2014-02-18 · MEMS vs. bioMEMS MEMS use...

Page 1: WHAT ARE BIOMEMS? - MEMS for High School Students · 2014-02-18 · MEMS vs. bioMEMS MEMS use micro-size components such as sensors, transducers, actuators, and electronic devices

WHAT ARE BIOMEMS?

Micro Nano Tech Conference 2011

Retina Array[Courtesy of Sandia National Laboratories] Micro-pump for insulin

[Printed with permission from Debiotech SA]

Lab-on-a-chip[Courtesy of Sandia National

Laboratories]

Page 2: WHAT ARE BIOMEMS? - MEMS for High School Students · 2014-02-18 · MEMS vs. bioMEMS MEMS use micro-size components such as sensors, transducers, actuators, and electronic devices

2

Revised 05/03/11

SCME and Bio-Link, a NSF-ATE center for

biotechnology, joined together to create a series of

learning modules on bioMEMS.

This session highlights some of the topics covered in

these learning modules and some of the activities.

As with all of SCME’s learning modules, each bioMEMS

learning module contains a primary knowledge unit

(PK), at least one activity, and an assessment.

Overview of SCME’s BioMEMS Series

Page 3: WHAT ARE BIOMEMS? - MEMS for High School Students · 2014-02-18 · MEMS vs. bioMEMS MEMS use micro-size components such as sensors, transducers, actuators, and electronic devices

3

Revised 05/03/11

BioMEMS Learning Modules

BioMEMS Overview

BioMEMS Applications Overview

Mapping Biological Concepts Series

DNA Overview

DNA to Protein

Cells – The Building Blocks of Life

Biomolecular Applications for bioMEMS

Clinical Laboratory Techniques and MEMS

BioMEMS Diagnostics

BioMEMS Therapeutics

MEMS for Environmental and Bioterrorism Applications

Regulations of bioMEMS

DNA Microarrays

Page 4: WHAT ARE BIOMEMS? - MEMS for High School Students · 2014-02-18 · MEMS vs. bioMEMS MEMS use micro-size components such as sensors, transducers, actuators, and electronic devices

4

Revised 05/03/11

As we travel through this presentation and discuss

its various topics, think about the following.

Where and how can bioMEMS

be incorporated into our curricula?

How can we make this happen?

Food for Thought

Page 5: WHAT ARE BIOMEMS? - MEMS for High School Students · 2014-02-18 · MEMS vs. bioMEMS MEMS use micro-size components such as sensors, transducers, actuators, and electronic devices

5

Revised 05/03/11

MEMS vs. bioMEMS

MEMS use micro-size components such as sensors, transducers, actuators, and electronic devices to sense (smell, feel, see, hear, taste) or to make something happen.

Many of the MEMS used in consumer products and other areas (e.g., aerospace, agriculture, environmental) are also found in medical devices.

MEMS pressure sensors are found in blood

pressure monitors, infusion pumps, catheters,

and intracranial probes.

For example, the MEMS inertial sensor used for

airbag deployment in cars is also used in

rate responsive pacemakers.

Page 6: WHAT ARE BIOMEMS? - MEMS for High School Students · 2014-02-18 · MEMS vs. bioMEMS MEMS use micro-size components such as sensors, transducers, actuators, and electronic devices

6

Revised 05/03/11

MEMS vs. bioMEMS

Some of the MEMS used in the medical are

unique in the sense that they incorporate

biological molecules as an integral part of

the device.

For example, a microcantilever transducer

(right) may be coated with antibodies (green

spheres) that capture a virus (red sphere) in

a blood sample while ignoring the other

components in the sample.

BioMEMS are MEMS that have

biological and/or biomedical

functions or applications.

Micro and nano-sized cantilevers used to

identify a virus (red sphere) in a sample.

The capture biomolecules are specific

antibodies (green particles) [Image

generated by and courtesy of Seyet, LLC].

Page 7: WHAT ARE BIOMEMS? - MEMS for High School Students · 2014-02-18 · MEMS vs. bioMEMS MEMS use micro-size components such as sensors, transducers, actuators, and electronic devices

7

Revised 05/03/11

BioMEMS - Areas of Applications

BioMEMS are being researched

for possible applications in a

variety of areas, but have already

led to multiple applications in the

following areas:

Detection

Analysis

Diagnosis

Therapeutics

Drug delivery

Cell culture

Detection

Analysis

Diagnostics

TherapeuticsDrug

Delivery

Cell Culture

New Emerging

Page 8: WHAT ARE BIOMEMS? - MEMS for High School Students · 2014-02-18 · MEMS vs. bioMEMS MEMS use micro-size components such as sensors, transducers, actuators, and electronic devices

8

Revised 05/03/11

MEMS Applications – To Name a Few

Let’s take a look at some of the bioMEMS that are already

being used and commercially marketed as well as a few

still in the research phase.

Retina Array[Courtesy of Sandia National Laboratories] Micro-pump for insulin

[Printed with permission from Debiotech SA]

Lab-on-a-chip[Courtesy of Sandia National

Laboratories]

Page 9: WHAT ARE BIOMEMS? - MEMS for High School Students · 2014-02-18 · MEMS vs. bioMEMS MEMS use micro-size components such as sensors, transducers, actuators, and electronic devices

9

Revised 05/03/11

BioMEMS for Diabetics

The MiniMed Paradigm® 522 insulin pump, with sensor, transmitter and

infusion line is one of a few devices on the market that can not only monitor a

person’s glucose levels 24/7, but can deliver insulin on an as needed basis. Its

components are

(A) an external pump and computer,

(B) a soft cannula that delivers the insulin,

(C) an interstitial glucose sensor, and

(D) a wireless radio device that communicates with the computer.

MiniMed Paradigm® 522 insulin pump, with

MiniLinkTM] transmitter and infusion set.

[Printed with permission from Medtronic Diabetes]

Page 10: WHAT ARE BIOMEMS? - MEMS for High School Students · 2014-02-18 · MEMS vs. bioMEMS MEMS use micro-size components such as sensors, transducers, actuators, and electronic devices

10

Revised 05/03/11

MiniMed Paradigm® 522

The sensor (C) is placed under the skin.

The sensor continuously measures glucose

levels in the interstitial fluid (the fluid between

body tissues).

The measurements from the sensor are

received in real time by the wireless radio

device (D).

This device sends the readings to the

computer (A) which determines the amount of

insulin needed.

The pump (A) administers that amount into

the patient via the cannula (B).

The Mini-Med Paradigm ® computer also

stores all the data.

MiniMed Paradigm ® 522 insulin pump,

with MiniLinkTM] transmitter and

infusion set.

[Printed with permission from

Medtronic Diabetes]

Micro-pump for insulin

[Printed with permission

from Debiotech SA]

Page 11: WHAT ARE BIOMEMS? - MEMS for High School Students · 2014-02-18 · MEMS vs. bioMEMS MEMS use micro-size components such as sensors, transducers, actuators, and electronic devices

11

Revised 05/03/11

Artificial Retinal Prosthesis

A therapeutic bioMEMS device

currently being tested is the artificial

retinal prosthesis called the Argus™

Retinal Prosthesis System.

Artificial Retina

The heart of the system is an artificial

retina - an electrode array placed

directly on the retina at the back of the

eye. This array duplicates the task of

the photoreceptor cells in the retina.

These cells are destroyed in retinal

diseases such as age-related macular

degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa

(RP).

A Phase II clinical trial is

currently testing 30 RP patients

at ten different centers

worldwide with the Argus II

retinal prosthesis.

Page 12: WHAT ARE BIOMEMS? - MEMS for High School Students · 2014-02-18 · MEMS vs. bioMEMS MEMS use micro-size components such as sensors, transducers, actuators, and electronic devices

12

Revised 05/03/11

How the Retinal Prosthesis Works

This device consists of a camera (in one’s eyeglasses), microprocessor

and transmitter (on a belt), receiver and interface module (the side of the

eye) and an artificial retina implanted onto the retina of the eye.

Images from the camera,

are converted to electronic

signals and transmitted to

the receiver. These signals

activate specific electrodes

in the array which become

impulses along the retinal

neurons, through the optic

nerve and to the brain. The

patient sees flashes of light,

which the brain uses to

make the equivalent of low-

resolution images.

Page 13: WHAT ARE BIOMEMS? - MEMS for High School Students · 2014-02-18 · MEMS vs. bioMEMS MEMS use micro-size components such as sensors, transducers, actuators, and electronic devices

13

Revised 05/03/11

Recent Results from Artificial Retina

On May 4, 2011, Argus reported the results of the Phase II clinical trial of

Argus II. All of the 30 patients being test showed significant improvements

in visual ability – from finding doorways to identifying up to eight different

colors. One patient was able to read at a rate of 10 wpm. Medical News Today

This device has now been approved for commercialization in Europe and

an application has been submitted to the FDA for commercialization in the

U.S.

(Left) Simulated images produced by the

artificial retina prosthesis.

Argus I is the 4x4 array of 16 pixels. Argus II

(used in the current clinical trial) has 60 pixels.

Argus III, currently being developed by Lawrence

Livermore National Lobs will have over 200

pixels and will transmit data wirelessly from the

camera. [Images generated by the Artificial

Retinal Implant Vision Simulator]

Page 14: WHAT ARE BIOMEMS? - MEMS for High School Students · 2014-02-18 · MEMS vs. bioMEMS MEMS use micro-size components such as sensors, transducers, actuators, and electronic devices

14

Revised 05/03/11

You are the marketing team for this device. Create a tri-fold

brochure or a website for healthcare professionals promoting

this product.

Minimum criteria:

How the devices works

Proper use of the device

Qualifying patients

Advantages over other products

Limitations

Team Activity

Page 15: WHAT ARE BIOMEMS? - MEMS for High School Students · 2014-02-18 · MEMS vs. bioMEMS MEMS use micro-size components such as sensors, transducers, actuators, and electronic devices

15

Revised 05/03/11

Minimally Invasive Surgery

The da Vinci System

Surgeon operates from a seated position at the console with a large monitor.

Eyes and hands are positioned in line with the instruments.

To move the instruments or to reposition the camera, the surgeon simply moves his/her hands. Seven degrees of motion are available.

Con

No sense of touch (haptic)

Each instrument has a specific

task (e.g., clamp, suture, move

tissue, cut, camera)

Page 16: WHAT ARE BIOMEMS? - MEMS for High School Students · 2014-02-18 · MEMS vs. bioMEMS MEMS use micro-size components such as sensors, transducers, actuators, and electronic devices

16

Revised 05/03/11

Robotic Surgery with Haptic Feedback

The Center for Advanced Surgical and Interventional Technology (CASIT) at

UCLA has developed a pneumatic balloon-based haptic feedback system that is

currently being tested.

Mounted on the end of the surgical tool (grasper) is a force sensor array with

several sensing points (see graphics).

Each point (transducer) of the sensor array detects the force applied to the

patient's tissue by the grasper. This force is translated to proportional pressures

that are sent to a joystick in the surgeon’s hand. The surgeon "feels" the change

in pressure and adjusts as needed.

Haptic Feedback Graspers

with tactile sensor array (left

images)

Pneumatic Balloon Actuator

Array Prototype (right image

- Printed with permission of

UCLA)

Page 17: WHAT ARE BIOMEMS? - MEMS for High School Students · 2014-02-18 · MEMS vs. bioMEMS MEMS use micro-size components such as sensors, transducers, actuators, and electronic devices

17

Revised 05/03/11

Chemical Sensor Arrays

The MEMS device used for many

diagnostic tools is the chemical

sensor array (CSA). These devices

are used for

disease identification,

for gathering the biomolecular

information needed to prescribe

appropriate drugs for

personalized medicine, and

antibody identification (just to

name a few).

CSA are found in many lab-on-a-

chip (LOC) devices.

Chemical Sensor Arrays (Can detect,

identify and determine the amount of an

analyte in solution for the purpose of

diagnosis)

Page 18: WHAT ARE BIOMEMS? - MEMS for High School Students · 2014-02-18 · MEMS vs. bioMEMS MEMS use micro-size components such as sensors, transducers, actuators, and electronic devices

18

Revised 05/03/11

BioMEMS Microfluidics

Microfluidics are integrated microchips

that allow separations, chemical

reactions, and calibration-free

measurements to be directly performed

with minute quantities of complex

samples (blood, environmental gases).

Microfluidics applications are used in

remote locations for clinical diagnostics

and environmental sensing.

Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) systems enable

the design of small, portable, rugged,

low-cost, easy to use, yet extremely

versatile and capable diagnostic

instruments.

MicroFluidic Channels (Top)

Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) (bottom)

[Printed with permission from

BioPoets, UC Berkeley and

Blazej,R.G.,Kumaresan,P. and Mathies, R.A.

PNAS 103,7240-7245 (2006)]

Page 19: WHAT ARE BIOMEMS? - MEMS for High School Students · 2014-02-18 · MEMS vs. bioMEMS MEMS use micro-size components such as sensors, transducers, actuators, and electronic devices

19

Revised 05/03/11

Sandia’s RapiDx POC (Point of Care)

The Rapid, Automated Point-of-Care

System (RapiDx) developed by Sandia

National Laboratories is a portable

diagnostic instrument that uses mere

microliters of a sample to measure large

panel of biomarkers.

―RapiDx quickly measures—with high

sensitivity—disease and toxin biomarkers

in human biological samples (e.g., blood,

saliva, urine) so that patient ailments can

be quickly diagnosed and treated.

RapiDx is an ideal instrument for point-of-

care diagnostics of disease and toxin

detection in health clinics and on the field.‖Rapid, Automated, Point-of-Care System (RapiDx). Sandia National

Laboratories.

The entire device weighs less than five pounds.

It contains a microfluidic chip integrated with

miniaturized electronics, optical elements, fluid-

handling components, and data acquisition

software. This handheld instrument is sensitive,

portable, and quick—all highly desirable

features for point-of-contact or point-of-incident

applications.

Page 20: WHAT ARE BIOMEMS? - MEMS for High School Students · 2014-02-18 · MEMS vs. bioMEMS MEMS use micro-size components such as sensors, transducers, actuators, and electronic devices

20

Revised 05/03/11

BioMEMS in Endoscopes

Single-fiber Micro-optical scanner for endoscopies.

UPDATE: No fiber optic cable is used. The patient swallows

the pill!

Scanner: 124 micron

diameter micro-

machined fiber vibrating

at 40.4 KHz with an

angular displacement of

80 degrees.

A piezoelectric actuator

drives the fiber tip.

Page 21: WHAT ARE BIOMEMS? - MEMS for High School Students · 2014-02-18 · MEMS vs. bioMEMS MEMS use micro-size components such as sensors, transducers, actuators, and electronic devices

21

Revised 05/03/11

Research a bioMEMS device, write a synopsis and create a presentation of your research.

Minimum criteria:

Device components and operations

History behind the development, clinical testing and implementation, if applicable

Current devices that are used for this application and how this devices compares

Advantages and limitations

Future trends for this bioMEMS device

Research Activity

Page 22: WHAT ARE BIOMEMS? - MEMS for High School Students · 2014-02-18 · MEMS vs. bioMEMS MEMS use micro-size components such as sensors, transducers, actuators, and electronic devices

22

Revised 05/03/11

Cell Culture

Microenvironments for growing cells in vitro and analysis

MEMS Cell Culture Array. This array creates a

microenvironment for growing cells in vitro and in parallel,

allowing for the analysis of multiple cell growth conditions. A

diagram of how it works is on the left. The constructed array is

shown with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image on the

right. [Developed at and courtesy of BioPOETS, UC-Berkeley.]

Page 23: WHAT ARE BIOMEMS? - MEMS for High School Students · 2014-02-18 · MEMS vs. bioMEMS MEMS use micro-size components such as sensors, transducers, actuators, and electronic devices

23

Revised 05/03/11

DNA Microarrays

DNA microarrays use gene sequencing and DNA

transcription and hybridization to analyze and

identify thousands of genes simultaneously.

Each microarray consists of hundreds or

thousands of gene sequences (ssDNA

molecules or oligonucleotides) mounted on a

chip and used as ―probes‖.

These probes detect complementary DNA

fragments or cDNA copied from messenger RNA

(mRNA) in a sample.

The cDNA are the target molecules (as shown in

the graphic).

These DNA microarrays are tools used to

analyze and measure the activity of genes as

well as detect and identify specific genes and

gene mutations.

DNA microarrays identify specific DNA

sequences through the hybridization process

Graphic illustrates one feature that probes for

one specific DNA sequences (top) and

how this feature is one of thousands

of features on an array.

Page 24: WHAT ARE BIOMEMS? - MEMS for High School Students · 2014-02-18 · MEMS vs. bioMEMS MEMS use micro-size components such as sensors, transducers, actuators, and electronic devices

24

Revised 05/03/11

Types of DNA Microarrays

Gene expression microarrays detect

―expression levels‖ in a sample - when

mRNA copies to cDNA (which genes are

―active‖ or ―inactive‖). Gene expression

microarrays detect how cells and

organisms change and adapt to specific

stimuli such as changes in the

environment or one’s disease state.

Direct detection microarrays are used to

identify specific genes that cause a

specific disease, and to screen for

mutations that are responsible for genetic

disorders when there are multiple gene

mutations that can possibly cause the

disorder.

This image is the gene expression data

matrix of 70 prognostic markers genes

from tumors of 78 breast cancer patients

hybridized using a DNA microarray

referred to as the MammaPrint.

Each row represents a tumor tissue from a

patient and each column a gene.

[This image is public domain]

Page 25: WHAT ARE BIOMEMS? - MEMS for High School Students · 2014-02-18 · MEMS vs. bioMEMS MEMS use micro-size components such as sensors, transducers, actuators, and electronic devices

25

Revised 05/03/11

Additional Applications

Many other bioMEMS applications are

emerging:

neural probes

nerve regeneration

tissue engineering (see figure)

olfactory sensors

Microneedles

in vivo stents, valves and pumps

A recent article posted on SCME’s

website talks about how silk is being

fabricated as a substrate for in vivo

micro and nano components. Artificial Kidney Tissue

[© The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc.

All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission]

Page 26: WHAT ARE BIOMEMS? - MEMS for High School Students · 2014-02-18 · MEMS vs. bioMEMS MEMS use micro-size components such as sensors, transducers, actuators, and electronic devices

26

Revised 05/03/11

Environmental Applications

Environmental scientists and homeland security personnel are

interested in the rapid detection and identification of bacteria and other

pathogens.

Researchers are working on microdevices for detecting pathogens in a

sample concentration. A working example is the surface acoustic wave

(SAW) sensor array developed by Sandia National Labs. This device

will provide portable, rapid detection and early warning of the presence

of pathogens in air or water.

The eight-sensor MicroChemLab

surface acoustic wave (SAW)

based sensor system-on-a-chip is

capable of near simultaneous

detection of a wide variety of

chemical compounds.

[Images courtesy of Sandia

National Laboratories]

30 individual chips with acoustic wave sensors make up this quarter of a wafer, which fits nicely on an orange slice.

Page 27: WHAT ARE BIOMEMS? - MEMS for High School Students · 2014-02-18 · MEMS vs. bioMEMS MEMS use micro-size components such as sensors, transducers, actuators, and electronic devices

27

Revised 05/03/11

Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW)

The graphic shows the components of a SAW device. The test sample

flows across the probe coating. If the desired analytes are present, they

―attach‖ to the surface of the coating. This causes the properties of the

―wave‖ from the input transducer to change as the wave moves across

the coating. This change is picked up and interpreted by the output

transducer/sensor.

Page 28: WHAT ARE BIOMEMS? - MEMS for High School Students · 2014-02-18 · MEMS vs. bioMEMS MEMS use micro-size components such as sensors, transducers, actuators, and electronic devices

28

Revised 05/03/11

Several on-line tutorials from established websites are

used (e.g.,Molecular Workshop Database, DNAI – Cold

Spring Harbor Lab, Biotechnology Project – MATC)

DNA Microarray LM includes an activity to build a

GeneChip Model (kit) and another activity to discuss the

ethical dilemma of DNA microarray applications.

Regulations of bioMEMS LM has the students complete

FDA tutorials related to bioMEMS regulations.

Other Activities

Page 29: WHAT ARE BIOMEMS? - MEMS for High School Students · 2014-02-18 · MEMS vs. bioMEMS MEMS use micro-size components such as sensors, transducers, actuators, and electronic devices

29

Revised 05/03/11

Challenges of bioMEMS

What other areas in the medical field could benefit from

bioMEMS?

What do you think are the current challenges of

bioMEMS?

Where and how can bioMEMS be incorporated into our

curricula?

How can we make it happen?

Page 30: WHAT ARE BIOMEMS? - MEMS for High School Students · 2014-02-18 · MEMS vs. bioMEMS MEMS use micro-size components such as sensors, transducers, actuators, and electronic devices

30

Revised 05/03/11

For more information on SCME’s bioMEMSLearning Modules,

please visit scme-nm.org.

All participant guides are public.

Instructor guides, PowerPoints and animations are downloaded by registered users.

Presenter:

Mary Jane (MJ) Willis

[email protected]

Thanks for coming!