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What about People in Behavioral Modeling?
The Influence of Ryuichi Kitamura on (my) Travel
Behavior ResearchPatricia L. Mokhtarian
[email protected]/telecom/
Ryuichi Kitamura Memorial SymposiumKyoto University, April 24-25, 2010
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IntroductionPapers of the Regional Science Association 24, 1970
… the fate of the individual human beingin an increasingly complicated environmentor … questions as to the quality of life.
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Introduction (cont’d) This insistent focus on human beings (not just
models), and their quality of life, was very much a part of Ryuichi’s philosophy, as well
One way it was manifested was through a relentless search to make “behavioral models” more behavioral
Early “demand” models were based on principles of physics, sometimes pure economics, but very little psychology or sociology
Ryuichi constantly strove to improve our models to reflect behavior more realistically
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Introduction (cont’d) Some of Ryuichi’s contributions include:
– Promoting the activity-based analysis approach» Time allocation decisions» Space-time prisms (Hägerstrand)» Trip chaining behavior» Microsimulation
– Accounting for the dynamic aspects of behavior» Habit disruption» Route choice» Departure time choice
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Introduction (cont’d) More contributions:
– Application areas:» Car ownership» Vehicle type choice (demand for alternative-fuel
vehicles)– Methodological:
» Market segmentation» Panel attrition» Non-randomness in choice-based samples
… and many more!
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Ryuichi’s Influence on Three Key Areas of My Research
1. Impacts of information and communications technology (ICT) on travel behavior
2. Positive utility of travel3. Impacts of residential location on travel
behavior, accounting for self-selection
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Ryuichi: A Valued Intellectual Mentor/Partner
When did I meet Ryuichi?– He was always just there!– TRB, 1988– Governor’s Conference on
Telecommuting, Seattle, Washington, June 1989
In Feb. 1989 came the call that changed my life
I joined UC Davis in March 1990
Salomon & KitamuraMt. Pilatus cablecar
2003 IATBR – Lucerne
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1. Impacts of ICT on Travel
Kitamura, R. (1988) Life-style and travel demand. In A Look Ahead, Year 2020, Special Report 220, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 149-189
Unfortunately, … assessmentsof the impact …tend to be educated guesses. One criticaldifficulty is the lack of data…to determine whether … newout-of-home activities will beinduced as a result
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1. Impacts of ICT on Travel (cont’d)
Ryuichi (with Ram Pendyala and Kostas Goulias) was the first to conduct rigorous analyses of the travel impacts of telecom-muting (State of Calif. TCing Pilot Project)
Goulias & Kitamura, UCD commencement, 1991 Pendyala & Kitamura, Mt. Pilatus, Switzerland (IATBR), 2003
Pendyala & Kitamura, UCD commencement, 1992
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Pendyala, R.M., K. G. Goulias and R. Kitamura(1991) Impact of telecommuting on spatial and temporal patterns of household travel. Trans-portation 18(4), 383-409.
Telecommuters’ activityspaces contract afterTCing begins – even onregular commuting (“non-telecommuting”) days
TCer – before TCing TCer – after, TC day
TCer – after, non-TC day control group member
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1. Impacts of ICT on Travel (cont’d)
Ryuichi (with Paul Jovanis) obtained UCTC funding to continue the analysis –and generously turned the project over to me when I arrived at UCD
with Dan Sperling at UCD, ca. 1990
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1. Impacts of ICT on Travel (cont’d)
Saxena, S. and P. L. Mokhtarian (1997) The impact of telecommuting on the activity spaces of participants and their households. Geographical Analysis 29(2) (April), 124-144.
Senbil, M. and R. Kitamura (2003) The use of telecommunications devices and individual activities relationships. Presented at the Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, January.
Senbil, M. and R. Kitamura (2003) Simultaneous relationships between telecommunications and activities. Presented at the 10th International Conference on Travel Behavior Research, Lucerne, Switzerland, August.
Party @ Kitamura home in Davis, ca. 1991
We continued separate work in the area, each influenced by the other
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2. The Positive Utility of Travel
Kitamura, R. (1988) Life-style and travel demand. In A Look Ahead, Year 2020, Special Report 220, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 149-189
… the automobile [can be]an end in itself as well asa means.
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2. The Positive Utility of Travel
Kitamura, R. (1988) Life-style and travel demand. In A Look Ahead, Year 2020, Special Report 220, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 149-189
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Reasons to Travel
Curiosity, variety-, adventure-seeking Exposure to the environment Enjoyment of a route, not just a destination Pride in skillful control of movement Conquest Sensation of speed or even just movement Symbolic value (status, independence) Escape, buffer Physical/mental therapy Synergy
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3. Residential Self-SelectionKitamura, R. (1988) Life-style and travel demand. In A Look Ahead, Year 2020, Special Report 220, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 149-189
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Residential Self-Selection: Motivation
Many studies have compared travel behavior (TB) of residents of “suburban” versus “urban” neighborhoods
and found that suburban dwellers walk less and drive more,
supporting the rationale for more compact urban forms
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A Northern California Example
(Handy et al., 2005, 2006)
Veh-Mi. Driven per Week
TraditionalSuburban
0255075
100125150175200
15% lower!
Walks to Store in Last 30 Days
Suburban
Traditional
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.02.7 x higher!
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Great! What’s the Problem?BUILT ENVIRONMENT MATTERS: Among peoplewith the same attitude, those living in traditional nbhdswalked more often than suburban dwellers.
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ATTITUDE MATTERS: Among people living in the sametype of nbhd, those who consider having nearby shops to bevery important walked (~ 4x) more often than those who don’t.
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THE COMBINED EFFECT: Suburban dwellers whoconsidered nearby stores important walked more often than traditional neighborhood residents who didn’t.
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The RSS Problem (cont’d)
So are the observed TB differences because of– a true independent influence of the built environ-
ment (BE)?or because– people who like walking (or, want to minimize
driving) choose to live in neighborhoods suppor-tive of that desire (AT)?
or– some of both?
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The RSS Problem (cont’d)
If the effect of BE on TB is primarily due to attitudinal predispositions (AT), then policies promoting denser, more diverse land use patterns may not have the desired effect
For example, if a “car-lover” lands in an urban neighborhood because of policy incentives (e.g. financial), s/he may still drive like the typical suburban dweller
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The RSS Problem (cont’d) Costs of being wrong:
– potentially diminished quality of life» inability to satisfy preferences» disadvantages of crowding (e.g. lack of privacy, lack
of children’s play space/green space, congestion, tensions, contagion)
– opportunity costs – time, money, & political capital could have been spent on more useful policies
Thus, to evaluate the effectiveness of (pro-posed) LU policies, it’s important to know the relative roles of BE and AT in influencing TB
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Our CollaborationImportance of
residential location & lifestyle
(Kitamura, 1988)
CARB project:impact of attitudes & lifestyle on relation-ship between built environment andtravel behaviorPKL(M) dissertation:
importance of attitudesto explaining travel behavior
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Built Environment as a Mediator of Attitudes
TravelBehavior
Attitudes
Built En-vironment β2
Socioeconomic &Demographic Traits
β1
β3
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Key Findings of Kitamura et al. (1997)
Attitudes had (substantially) more explanatory power than BE variables
Magnitudes and significances of the BE variables declined with the insertion of attitudes
But they remained significant, indicating that the BE has an influence of its own, even after accounting for attitudes
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RK dissertation:taste variations
(Kitamura, 1981)
Ryuichi’s Influence Continues…Importance of
residential location & lifestyle
(Kitamura, 1988)
CARB project:impact of attitudes & lifestyle on relation-ship between built environment andtravel behavior
PLM Further work on residen-tial self-selection(w/ Bagley, Schwanen, Handy, Cao, Circella)
Taste heterogeneityin shopping channel
intention (w/ Tang)
Role of taste heterogeneityin accounting for residential
self-selection
PKL(M) dissertation:importance of attitudes
to explaining travel behavior
RK Further related work (w/ Senbil, Mohamad, Akiyama,
Yamamoto, Golob)
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Conclusions
An interesting metric of Ryuichi’s influence on me– 34 (~1/3) of my papers cite him– Those 31% of my papers account for more than
50% of the citations of my work by others– In other words, the papers that were influenced by
Ryuichi have been my own most influential papers
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Weaving the Fabric of Knowledge, and of Humanity
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Thank you,Ryuichi –
you are always in our hearts
1997 IATBR – Austin, Texas
2006 IATBR – Kyoto
2006 IATBR – Kyoto