WG2: Water Cycle WG2 organized along: *3 nested spatial domains with scales relevant to the water cycle processes *Scaling issues

Global SSTTeleconnections

Mesoscale Convective Systems

Convective Cells

Monsoon System

Easterly waves

GG SST Variability

Global

Mesoscale

Regional

Local

YearSeasonDayHour

Major River Basins

Catchments

Vegetation

Pools Vegetation

10 4 km

10 3km

10 2km

10 1km

SOP EOP LOP

SATELLITES

OBSERVATIONS

MODELLING/

FORECASTS

Downscaling for impact studies

Scale Interactions

Water transport Trace gaz , Aerosols, etc

WG2: Water Cycle

Major objective of AMMA: To determine water budgets & their interannual variability on WA for few hundred kms and 10-day to month resolutions (Large uncertainties exist to these scales and with these resolutions)

Regional scale (>106 km²)

1) Improve components of budget

*PRECIPAMMA group: ●Summary of various products (strengths and weaknesses)●Evaluation of satellite product (concentrated on the CILSS, Sahelian zone)●Niamey Meeting (Open 9-12 Dec 2006)

*EVAPO-TRANSPIRATION: Modelling-Observation approach (A. Boone et al)Surface flux products for 2006 should be available before mid 2007 (0.5deg resolution)

*NWP Analysis for 2006: Impact of more data in assimilation; Improved Quality ?? (more soundings but moisture biases ECMWF) Need to be explored

2) Brief discussion of 2006 monsoon season and associated water cycle with available analysis product at the time of the meeting

Methods and input datasets

TRMM 3B43EPSAT-SG

TRMM 3B42RFE2.0

GPCP

CMORPHTAMSAT

TRMM 2A25KummerovFerraromethods

Goes Precipitation Index

Active microwave dataPassive microwave dataGeostationary dataRaingauges

Space Res. Coverage Time Res. Existence Strength Weakness

GPIGeos resolution 40°N - 40°S

GlobalGeos resolution 1986 to present Simple to produce Overestimation of distribution

Underestimation of high rain rates

GPCP2.5 degrees Global monthly 1979 to present Highly supervised

Global coverageClimatology

Quality over oceansspace resolution

GPCP-1dd 1 degree Global daily 1996 to present Time resolutionHighly supervised

Quality over oceans

RFE2.00.1 degree 40°N – 40°S

20°W – 60°Edaily 2001 to present Space and Time resol.

Highly supervisedQuality over oceans

2A255 kms 40°N – 40°S

Global1 instaneous RR estim/day

Dec 1997 to present

Precipitation radarSpace resolution

Time repetitively of low orbiting sat.

3B420.25 degree 40°N – 40°S

Global3 hours 1998 to present Precipitation radar

Time resolutionTime repetitively of low orbiting sat.

3B430.25 degree 40°N – 40°S

GlobalMonthly 1998 to present number of inputs Time repetitively of low

orbiting sat.Time resolution

CMORPH0.07 degree 60°N – 60°S

Global30 minutes Dec 2002 to

presentnumber of inputsSpace and time resolution

Only propagation info from Geos; Sat.PMW over land

TAMSAT

Geos resolution 28°N - 2°S 20°W - 52°E

dekade June 1996 to present

Raingauges from CILSS countriesSpace resolution

Only CCD info from Geos.SatelliteCoincidence between pixels and raingauges

EPSAT-SGGeos resolution 20°N – 5°S

25°W – 25°EGeos resolution June-sept.

2000,2004, 2005,2006

7 channels of MSGSpace and time resol.Number of inputs

Underestimation of high rain ratesExistence

intercomparison (5)

• Exemple of intercomparison: Distribution

WG2: Water CycleRegional scale (>106 km²)

Plans/priorities for next year

-Improved Water budget for 2006 year

Strong interaction with / involvement of NWP center required

-Evaluation with mesoscale budgets

Major issue: lack of people to do more work and progress more rapidly

*Request to AMMA-EU to fund a post doc ;

*Involve US-people (J. Roads activity for example)

*Involvement of African community

=>Link with GEWEX communities (GEWEX newsletter, link with B. Rossow initiative of sfc flux mapping, …)

WG2: Water Cycle

•Scales complies with both hydrologic and atmospheric model capabilities

•Scale of MCS & many surface-atmosphere interactions governing the transports of water vapor

Mesoscale (103 - 105 km²)

Preferred scale for atmosphere and surface integration

Principal activities done:

1) Fields observations: design of network (ex: sounding quadrilater) and collect data necessary for water cycle (radars, raingages, ….)

2) Case study http://www.amma-international.org/science/scientificGroups/WG2/case-study/index

*Hydrology & Atmosphere *Field observations EOP*Modeling

To compare on a same case study: •Runs with meso-scale atmospheric models (MSAM) (explicitly resolved convection)•Runs with meso-scale hydrologic models (MSHM)•Observations

A necessary challenge to tackle the questions related to meso-scale water cycle

Case study data base URL: ftp.aero.jussieu.frGROUND Sampling Provider Directory # stations Period GPS MET (P,T, RH) 1h O. Bock /data/ground/surface/PTU/ 3 01/08..30/09 Met Station (P, T, RH, SW_rad, Net_rad, Wind)

1h C. Peugeot /data/ground/surface/MET/ Djougou 01/08..30/09

SYNOP 3h L. Fleury /data/ground/surface/SYNOP/ 30 26/08..31/08

Precips M. Gosset /data/ground/surface/Benin_raingauge

38 2005

GPS IWV 1h O. Bock /data/ground/GPS/IWV/ 12 01/08..30/09 AERONET IWV 15min O. Bock /data/ground/AERONET/ 8 01/08..30/09 UWYO radiosonde O. Bock /data/radiosonde/UWYO/ 9 01/08..30/09 TEMP radiosonde L. Fleury /data/radiosonde/TEMP/ 30 26/08..31/08 SHADOZ radiosonde B. Kounouhewa /data/radiosonde/SHADOZ/ Cotonou 01/08..30/09 RS quality control (4D-Var) M. Nuret SATELLITE Sampling Provider Directory # stations Period MODIS ATML2 (*.hdf) F. Fierli /data/satellite/MODIS/ATML2/ 28/08..29/08 MODIS IWV O. Bock /data/satellite/MODIS/IWV/ 19 01/08..30/09 SSM/I IWV O. Bock Available from AMMASAT 8 01/08..30/09 SSM/I surface wind Meteosat wind vectors Meteosat UTH R. Roca MODEL Sampling Provider Directory # stations Period ECMWF oper fields (IWV, Q200/300/500/700 /850/925, Psfc, T2, TD2, uv10m/200/700/925, w500)

6h F. Guichard /data/model/analyses/ECMWF 0-40°N, -30-30°E

26/08..31/08

Arpège + Arp. Tropiques (MSLP, Pk1, Pk2, Q2m, T2m, IWV)

6h N. Asencio /data/model/analyses/GPS_localisation/

3 27/08..29/08

ALADIN IWV 6h M. Nuret /data/model/analyses/ALADIN/ 3 23/08..03/09 Assimilation reports L. Fleury / M.

Nuret

MESONH PROMES UKMOUMRun 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 4 Run 1 Run 2 Run 1 Run 2

Atmosp Initial ECMWF ARPEGE ARP-TRO ARPEGE ECMWF ECMWF ECMWF ECMWFSurface Initial ECMWF ARPEGE ARP-TRO ARPEGE ECMWF ECMWF MO ancillary MO ancillaryNesting No No No No No No Yes YesStart time 28/08 00h 28/08 00h 28/08 00h 27/08 00h 27/08 00h 27/08 00h 27/08 00h 28/08 00hEnd time 29/08 06h 29/08 06h 29/08 06h 29/08 06h 30/08 0h 30/08 0h 06/09 06h 06/09 06hDomain(km) 5000x3240 5000x3240 5000x3240 5000x3240 5100x3375 5100x3375 5800x4600 5800x4600Horiz resol(km) 10 10 10 10 15 15 20 20Time resol(s) 20 20 20 20 30 30 300 300DATASET

AROME BOLAM MESONH WRFRun 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 5 Run 1 to 9 Run 10 to 18

Atmosp Initial ALADIN ALADIN ARP-TROP ECMWF ARPEGE ECMWF NCEP Surface Initial ALADIN ALADIN ARP-TRO ECMWF ARPEGE ECMWF NCEP Nesting Yes Yes Yes ??? Yes Yes YesStart time 28/08 00h 29/08 00h 28/08 00h 28/08 00h 27/08 00h 27/08 00h 27/08 00hEnd time 29/08 06h 30/08 06h 329/08 06h 30/08 00h 29/08 06h 30/08 00h 30/08 00hDomain(km) 1728x1080 1728x1080 1728x1080 ??? 1728x1080 864x784 864x784Horiz resol(km) 2.5 2.5 2.5 ??? 4 4 4Time resol(s) 60 60 60 ??? 6.66 60 60

Summary table of the models & simulations

x x x x x x x x

xx

Sirba

Kori Dantiandou

Upper Oueme

Common domain for evaluation

14.5 N

8.5 N

1.5 W 3 E

Sirba

Kori Dantiandou

Upper Oueme

14.5 N

8.5 N

1.5 W 3 E

75 ( 9.375)50 ( 6.25)

40 ( 5) 30 ( 3.75)20 ( 2.5)15 ( 1.875)10 ( 1.25) 5 ( 0.625) 2 ( 0.25) 0.1

(mm) mm/day

sequence of 3-h cumul.

rainfall for 5

simulations

[12h-15h]

BOLAM LM PROMES

MESONH AROME

75 ( 9.375)50 ( 6.25)

40 ( 5) 30 ( 3.75)20 ( 2.5)15 ( 1.875)10 ( 1.25) 5 ( 0.625) 2 ( 0.25) 0.1

(mm) mm/day

sequence of 3-h cumul.

rainfall for 5

simulations

[15h-18h]

BOLAM

MESONH AROME

LM PROMES

75 ( 9.375)50 ( 6.25)

40 ( 5) 30 ( 3.75)20 ( 2.5)15 ( 1.875)10 ( 1.25) 5 ( 0.625) 2 ( 0.25) 0.1

(mm) mm/day

sequence of 3-h cumul.

rainfall for 5

simulations

[18h-21h]

BOLAM

MESONH AROME

LM PROMES

75 ( 9.375)50 ( 6.25)

40 ( 5) 30 ( 3.75)20 ( 2.5)15 ( 1.875)10 ( 1.25) 5 ( 0.625) 2 ( 0.25) 0.1

(mm) mm/day

sequence of 3-h cumul.

rainfall for 5

simulations

[21h-00h]

BOLAM

MESONH AROME

PROMESLM

75 ( 9.375)50 ( 6.25)

40 ( 5) 30 ( 3.75)20 ( 2.5)15 ( 1.875)10 ( 1.25) 5 ( 0.625) 2 ( 0.25) 0.1

(mm) mm/day

sequence of 3-h cumul.

rainfall for 5

simulations

[00h-03h]

BOLAM

MESONH AROME

PROMESLM

GR4J (Perrin et al., 2003, JH)

Bucket model, 4 parameters X1, X2, X3, X4

RainfallETo

Inputs (from obs)• Spatially averaged daily rainfall• Spatially averaged daily Eto

Simulated Runoff

outputs• Runoff at Outlet• Spatially averaged daily evapo-transpiration ~ daily LE average•« Leaks » or storage : residual

1.5 2 2.5

9

9.5

10

RainfallETo ETR

Runoff

Underground (residuals)

Zoom

Courtesy A. Zannou

Courtesy A. Zannou

WG2: Water Cycle Mesoscale (103 - 105 km²)

Plan for coming year1) To achieve 2005 case study*More analyses of surface fields from Atmosph models*Finalize hydrological runs (finer models)

Dedicated meeting proposed in Dec. 2006 (France)*Compare two approaches*Write a conclusive paper

2) To define interesting periods in 2006 from hydrological point of viewand to choose a 2006 case study (in collaboration with other AMMA activities

3) To establish a table listing all data/products (incl resolution, domain, …)relevant for water cycle studies 4) To establish rainfall maps from combination of radars, raingauges, disdromete(M. Gosset)

WG2: Water Cycle Mesoscale (103 - 105 km²)

Plan for coming year (2)5) To compute water budgeta) Budget over sounding network (Starting on southern quadrilater and 8RS/day periods)- Variational analysis Mandopas ( Protat talk) -NWP analysis ???- Variational analysis CSU (Johnson et al ?)-Other ?

b) Vertically integrated budget-GPS and analysis mixing (Bock et al)-Same than above in linking with LDAS surface flux estimation (Boone et al)-Other ?

c) Budget or terms of budget for few convective events (e.g. 14-15 August )?Detailed samples in temporal series of 1)

Cloud PBL surface flux aircraft, Budget around MCS with Dropsondes & radar, Anvilsbudget,CRM Budget, ….

S

Squall Line water budget

Observations Modelling

Evapotranspiration

= ? Undergound

Storage

Rainfall

Large scaleadvection

RS

RS

RS

Surface box

Atmosphere box

River flow

RS

Hydrological budget & Full water budget

Ouémé site : from fieldobservations, groundwatercontribution = subsurface

exfiltration

10

Exfiltration

Rainfall

Hortonian runoff

ET Seasonalsubsurface

groundwater

SaprolithSaprolithgroundwatergroundwater

Dee

pdr

aina

ge

0

20 m

River

Fracturedbedrock

Overland saturated

flow

From process to model : implementation in theTopamma model (Soudanian site)

WG2: Water CycleLocal scale (102- 103 km²) -

Oueme

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

01/04/04 28/09/04 27/03/05 23/09/05 22/03/06

dept

h (m

)

20m depth10m depth2m depth

A A saturatedsaturated layer layer seasonally appearsseasonally appears

Base Base level recovers each year whatever the yearly rainfalllevel recovers each year whatever the yearly rainfall

Slower depletion Slower depletion : : water remainswater remains longer in longer in the ground the ground ; longer ; longer availability availability for for vegetationvegetation --> source for > source for memory effects memory effects ??

Observations supporting water cycle issuesObservations supporting water cycle issues

448

450

452

454

456

458

460

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

mm/yr rain

land ET

runoffto SWB

SWB- ET

GW- ET

total ET

GW net storage

GW recharge

GW net transfer

Modelled terrestrialwater balance

1992 – 2005

Niger supersite(central part of Kori-Dantiandou basin)

~ 2000 km²

SWB = surface water bodiesGW = ground waterET = evapotranspiration

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1992 1997

mm infiltration

écoulement

évaporation

transpiration

Simulated rainSimulated rain--seasonseasonbudget for budget for Wankama Wankama

catchmentcatchment

WG2: Water CycleLocal scale (102- 103 km²) - Niger

Effect of rainfall fields characteristics on hydrologivcal response (Model)

WG2: Water CycleLocal scale (102- 103 km²) - Niger

Activities

•To perform accurate hydrological budgets on super-sites

•To use improved local scale budget to improve and assess mesoscalemodels & water budget

•To evaluate/improve better water cycle parameterizations in using high resolution data on super-sites of AMMA field experiment.

•To use the synergy between the seven AMMA sites (3 super-sites + sites Dano, Nakambe, Volta, Dahra)

WG2: Water CycleLocal scale

Proposition to re-locate locale scale studies in WP 2.3 (processes) and 4.1.2 surface modelsLocal approaches in WG2 only for local validationof LSM or products models