Wetland Creation and Restoration in Virginia: an Overview ...
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Tidal Marshes 1) Inundated by twice daily tides to monthly lunar tides. 2) Exposed to varying salt concentrations in water column (0 to 35ppt). 3) Few vascular plant able to tolerate these stresses!
Transcript of Wetland Creation and Restoration in Virginia: an Overview ...
Tidal Marshes
1) Inundated by twice daily tides to monthly lunar tides.
2) Exposed to varying salt concentrations in water column (0 to 35ppt).
3) Few vascular plant able to tolerate these stresses!
The Cordgrasses (Spartina)
1) Smooth Cordgrass (Spartina alternifolia).
2) Saltmeadow Hay (Spartina patens).
3) Tall Cordgrass (Spartina cynosuroides).
Smooth Cordgrass (Spartina alternifolia)
- aka Salt Cordgrass - high salinity tolerance (5 to 40psu)
- high inundation tolerance (semi-diurnal inundation)
- long lived perennial w/ rhizomatous root system
MSLTime 1
Salt Marsh Soil Ontogeny
Time 1
Salt Marsh Soil Ontogeny
MSLTime 1
MSLTime 2
Salt Marsh Soil Ontogeny
MSLTime 1
MSLTime 2
MSLTime 3
Salt Marsh Soil Ontogeny
MSLTime 1
MSLTime 2
MSLTime 3
MSLTime N
Salt Marsh Soil Ontogeny
MSLTime 1
MSLTime 2
MSLTime 3
MSLTime N
Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass)
Summary
Duration Perennial
Growth Habit Graminoid
U.S. Nativity Native to U.S.
Federal T/E Status
National Wetland Indicator OBL
Morphology/Physiology
Active Growth Period Spring and Summer
Seeds, seedlings, transplants, and rhizomes.
Saltmeadow Cordgrass (Spartina patens)
- high salinity tolerance (0 to 30psu)
- low inundation tolerance (weekly or twice monthly)
- longlived perennial w/ rhizomatous root system
Summary
Duration Perennial
Growth Habit Graminoid
U.S. Nativity Native to U.S.
National Wetland Indicator FAC, OBL
Morphology/Physiology
Active Growth Period Spring and Summer
After Harvest Regrowth Rate Slow
Saltmeadow Cordgrass (Spartina patens)
Seeds, seedlings, transplants, and rhizomes.
Salt grass (Distichlis spicata)
- high salinity tolerance (5 to 40psu)
- medium inundation tolerance (semi-
diurnal)
- longlived perennial w/ rhizomatous root system
Salt grass (Distichlis spicata)
Seeds, seedlings, transplants, and rhizomes.
Summary
Duration Perennial
Growth Habit Graminoid
U.S. Nativity Native to U.S.
Federal T/E Status
National Wetland Indicator FAC+, FACW+
Morphology/Physiology
Active Growth Period Spring, Summer, Fall
Salt grass (Distichlis spicata)
IvaBac.
Groundsel tree (Baccharis halimifolia)
- medium salinity tolerance (0 to 15psu)
- low inundation tolerance (weekly of semi-monthly)
- woody shrub
Groundsel tree
Salt bushGroundsel tree
Its a relative of ragweed!
Wax myrtle (Morella spp.)
Morella cerifera: lves 8cm long X 2cm wide.
Morella pensylvanica: lves 6mm long X 2cm wide.
M. pensylvanica
M. cerifera
Morella spp.
Morella cerifera: fruit 2.5-3.5mm in diameter.
Morella pensylvanica: fruit 4.5-7 mm in diameter.
Morella spp.
Summary
Duration Perennial
Growth Habit Tree, Subshrub, Shrub
U.S. Nativity Native to U.S.
Federal T/E Status
National Wetland Indicator
Morphology/Physiology
Active Growth Period Spring and Summer
Seeds, cuttings and seedlings
Freshwater
Species
Yellow pond lily (Nuphar
lutea)
Yellow pond lily (Nuphar
lutea)
Arrow arum (Peltandra virginica)
Arrow arum (Peltandra virginica)
Summary
Duration Perennial
Growth Habit Forb/herb
U.S. Nativity Native to U.S.
Federal T/E Status
National Wetland Indicator OBL
Morphology/Physiology
Active Growth Period Spring
Seeds, tubers, and seedlings
Pickerel weed (Pontederia cordata)
Pickerel weed (Pontederia cordata)
Summary
Duration Perennial
Growth Habit Forb/herb
U.S. Nativity Native to U.S.
Federal T/E Status
National Wetland Indicator OBL
Morphology/Physiology
Active Growth Period Spring
Seeds, seedlings, basal shoots, and rhizomes.
Duck potato (Sagittaria latifolia)
Sagittaria latifolia Sagittaria latifolia
Duck potato (Sagittaria latifolia)
Duck potato (Sagittaria latifolia)
Summary
Duration Perennial
Growth Habit Forb/herb
U.S. Nativity Native to U.S.
Federal T/E Status
National Wetland Indicator OBL
Morphology/Physiology
Active Growth Period Spring
Seed, seedlings, and tubers.
Freshwater Species
Polygonum spp. (knotweeds & smartweeds, 23 spp.)
P. pennsylvaticum
P. punctatum
Dotted smartweed (Polygonum punctatum)
Pennsylvania smartweed (Polygonum pensylvanicum)
Smartweeds (Polygonum spp.)
P. punctatum
P. pensylvanicum
Polygonum spp.
Summary
Duration Annual, Perennial
Growth Habit Forb/herb
U.S. Nativity Native to U.S.
Federal T/E Status
National Wetland Indicator FACW, OBL
Morphology/Physiology
Active Growth Period Summer
Seeds and seedlings.
Beggarticks (Bidens, 11 spp.)
Beggarticks (Bidens)
Beggartick (Bidens spp.)
Summary
Duration Annual, Perennial
Growth Habit Forb/herb
U.S. Nativity Native to U.S.
Federal T/E Status
National Wetland Indicator OBL
Morphology/Physiology
Active Growth Period Spring, Summer, Fall
Three square and bullrushes
Scirpus ancistrochaetus
Scirpus atrovirens
Scirpus cyperinus
Scirpus divaricatus
Scirpus expansus
Scirpus flaccidifolius
Scirpus georgianus
Scirpus hattorianus
Scirpus lineatus
Scirpus pendulus
Scirpus polyphyllus
Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus
Schoenoplectus americanus
Schoenoplectus etuberculatus
Schoenoplectus pungens
Schoenoplectus purshianus
Schoenoplectus smithii var. levisetus
Schoenoplectus subterminalis
Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani
Schoenoplectus torreyi
Schoenoplectus (9) Scirpus (11) spp.
Three square and bullrushes
Scirpus cyperinusSchoenoplectus americanus
Three square and bullrushes
Scirpus cyperinusSchoenoplectus americanus
Three square and bullrushes
(Schoenoplectus and Scirpus spp.)
Three square and bullrushes
Three square and bullrushes
(Schoenoplectus and Scirpus spp.)
Summary
Duration Perennial
Growth Habit Graminoid
U.S. Nativity Native to U.S.
Federal T/E Status
National Wetland Indicator FACW+, OBL
Morphology/Physiology
Active Growth Period Spring
Seeds, seedlings, and (some species) rhizomes
Rose mallow (Hibiscus moscheutos)
Rose mallow (H. moscheutos)
(Althaea officinalis)
Althaea officinalis originally used to make marshmellows
Highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum)
Bald cypress (Taxodium distichum)
Freshwater Trees
