Western Civilization Lecture 6
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Transcript of Western Civilization Lecture 6
Western CivilizationWestern Civilization
Session 6Exploration, Enlightenment and Baroque
IS-VNU
Mr. Mike Beard
Western CivilizationWestern Civilization
The Age of ExplorationThe Age of Exploration Feudalism Feudalism The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment Baroque Art and Music Baroque Art and Music
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationThe Age of ExplorationThe Age of Exploration
Portuguese ExplorationPortuguese Exploration 1325–1357 Afonso IV 1325–1357 Afonso IV
encouraged maritime encouraged maritime commerce and ordered the commerce and ordered the first explorations.first explorations.
Trade Routes through West Trade Routes through West Africa controlled by MuslimsAfrica controlled by Muslims
1488 - Bartolomeu Dias 1488 - Bartolomeu Dias became 1became 1stst European to sail European to sail around the Southern tip of around the Southern tip of Africa to establish trade with Africa to establish trade with India and Asia while avoiding India and Asia while avoiding Muslim controlled trade routes. Muslim controlled trade routes.
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationThe Age of ExplorationThe Age of Exploration
Portuguese ExplorationPortuguese Exploration Caravel - a small, highly Caravel - a small, highly
maneuverable sailing ship maneuverable sailing ship developed in the 15th century developed in the 15th century
The sails gave it speed and The sails gave it speed and the capacity for sailing to the capacity for sailing to windward (beating). windward (beating).
Caravels were much used by Caravels were much used by the Portuguese for the oceanic the Portuguese for the oceanic exploration voyages during the exploration voyages during the 15th and 16th centuries in the 15th and 16th centuries in the age of discovery.age of discovery.
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationThe Age of ExplorationThe Age of Exploration
Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus Muslims controlled trade Muslims controlled trade
routes though the Middle East routes though the Middle East and Portugal controlled route and Portugal controlled route around Africa around Africa
Columbus wanted to discover Columbus wanted to discover a Western route to India a Western route to India believing the world to be round believing the world to be round not flatnot flat
1492 – Columbus discovered 1492 – Columbus discovered the “New World” though he the “New World” though he was convinced until his death was convinced until his death that he reached India. that he reached India.
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationThe Age of ExplorationThe Age of Exploration
Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus The discovery of this “New The discovery of this “New
World” led to the establishment World” led to the establishment of Spanish colonies. of Spanish colonies.
Disputes between the Spanish Disputes between the Spanish and Portuguese over land and Portuguese over land rights rights
1494 - Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 - Treaty of Tordesillas divided the world outside of divided the world outside of Europe in an exclusive Europe in an exclusive duopoly between the duopoly between the Portuguese and the SpanishPortuguese and the Spanish
VIDEOVIDEO
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationEuropean FeudalsimEuropean Feudalsim
Rich land owners (lords) granted Rich land owners (lords) granted land usage to certain people land usage to certain people (vassals) in exchange for service (vassals) in exchange for service (sometimes requiring vassals to (sometimes requiring vassals to fight for their lords).fight for their lords).
Ultimately the king is at the top of Ultimately the king is at the top of this system and had ultimate this system and had ultimate control control
It was a system with very sharp It was a system with very sharp distinctions between classes of distinctions between classes of people and was full of injustices people and was full of injustices
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationThe EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment
Enlightenment IdealsEnlightenment Ideals
ProgressProgress
Superiority of Reason Superiority of Reason
Science Science
Questioning Authority Questioning Authority
Declining Influence of the ChurchDeclining Influence of the Church
Religious ToleranceReligious Tolerance
Individual Rights and FreedomIndividual Rights and Freedom
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationThe EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment
Individualism, Relativism, Individualism, Relativism, and Rationalismand Rationalism
IndividualismIndividualism – – emphasized the importance of the individual emphasized the importance of the individual and his inborn rights. and his inborn rights.
RelativismRelativism – – the concept that different cultures, beliefs, ideas, the concept that different cultures, beliefs, ideas, and value systems had equal merit. and value systems had equal merit.
RationalismRationalism – – the conviction that with the power of reason, the conviction that with the power of reason, humans could arrive at truth and improve the world.humans could arrive at truth and improve the world.
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationThe EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment
The Thirty Years’ WarThe Thirty Years’ War
Questioned of the justness of absolute monarchy. Questioned of the justness of absolute monarchy. Idea of the authority of European divine right was Idea of the authority of European divine right was
weakened. weakened. War, which broke out in 1618 when Bohemian War, which broke out in 1618 when Bohemian
Protestants revolted against their incoming Catholic Protestants revolted against their incoming Catholic king. The ensuing battle between Protestants and king. The ensuing battle between Protestants and Catholics spread into Germany, and over the course of Catholics spread into Germany, and over the course of the next thirty years, nearly a third of the German the next thirty years, nearly a third of the German population was killed.population was killed.
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationThe Enlightenment The Enlightenment
Francis Bacon Francis Bacon (1561-1626)(1561-1626)Galileo had long said that Galileo had long said that observation was a necessary observation was a necessary element of the scientific methodelement of the scientific method
Bacon solidifies Galileo's view in Bacon solidifies Galileo's view in his development of his philosophy his development of his philosophy of science. of science.
Inductive Method – Observation Inductive Method – Observation and Reason and Reason
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationThe EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment
René Descartes René Descartes (1596–1650)(1596–1650)
Deductive Reason Deductive Reason
Father of Skepticism Father of Skepticism
Developed a system of Developed a system of doubting everything and doubting everything and using reason alone to using reason alone to establish a system of establish a system of knowledgeknowledge
““I think therefore I am” I think therefore I am”
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationThe EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment
Isaac Newton Isaac Newton (1642–1727)(1642–1727)
Conducted experiments in Conducted experiments in physics and math that revealed physics and math that revealed a number of a number of natural lawsnatural laws that that had previously been credited to had previously been credited to divine forcesdivine forces
Principia Mathematica (1687)Principia Mathematica (1687)
Uniform Force of GravityUniform Force of Gravity
Established 3 Laws of Motion Established 3 Laws of Motion
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationThe EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment
Baruch Spinoza Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677)(1632–1677)
Jewish philosopher from AmsterdamJewish philosopher from Amsterdam
Spinoza called into question the Spinoza called into question the tenets of both Judaism and tenets of both Judaism and ChristianityChristianity
Believed in God but denied that the Believed in God but denied that the Bible was divinely inspired and Bible was divinely inspired and rejected the concept of miracles and rejected the concept of miracles and the religious supernaturalthe religious supernatural
Claimed that ethics determined by Claimed that ethics determined by rational thought were more rational thought were more important as a guide to conduct than important as a guide to conduct than was religionwas religion
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationRenaissance MusicRenaissance Music
The Enlightenment in EnglandThe Enlightenment in England
John Locke John Locke Father of LiberalismFather of Liberalism British empiricistBritish empiricist The mind was a blank slate – The mind was a blank slate –
we are born without innate we are born without innate ideas, and that knowledge is ideas, and that knowledge is instead determined only by instead determined only by experience derived from sense experience derived from sense perceptionperception
All people were equal and All people were equal and independent, and everyone had independent, and everyone had a natural right to defend his a natural right to defend his “Life, health, Liberty, or “Life, health, Liberty, or Possessions"Possessions"
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationRenaissance MusicRenaissance Music
The Enlightenment in EnglandThe Enlightenment in England
David Hume (1711–1776)David Hume (1711–1776) Skepticism Skepticism Suggested that our own Suggested that our own
senses are fallible, bringing all senses are fallible, bringing all observations and truths into observations and truths into question. question.
Very influential to others, such Very influential to others, such as Immanuel Kant, and was as Immanuel Kant, and was instrumental in the shift away instrumental in the shift away from rationalist thought that from rationalist thought that ended the Enlightenment.ended the Enlightenment.
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationThe EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment
The Enlightenment of FranceThe Enlightenment of France
Voltaire Voltaire Promoted social and Promoted social and
political change by means political change by means of satire and criticism. of satire and criticism.
Voltaire’s satires exposed Voltaire’s satires exposed injustices and appealed to injustices and appealed to a wide range of readers. a wide range of readers.
His short novel Candide is His short novel Candide is regarded as one of the regarded as one of the seminal works in historyseminal works in history
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationThe EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment
The Enlightenment of FranceThe Enlightenment of France
EncyclopédieEncyclopédie Published in France between Published in France between
1751 and 17721751 and 1772 The Encyclopédie is famous The Encyclopédie is famous
above all for representing the above all for representing the thought of the Enlightenmentthought of the Enlightenment
Denis Diderot was the chief Denis Diderot was the chief editoreditor
Many French Enlightenment Many French Enlightenment thinkers contributed articles thinkers contributed articles including Voltaire, Rousseau, including Voltaire, Rousseau, and Montesquieu. and Montesquieu.
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationThe EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment
SkepticismSkepticism Skeptics questioned whether human society Skeptics questioned whether human society
could really be perfected through the use of could really be perfected through the use of reasonreason
Denied the ability of rational thought to reveal Denied the ability of rational thought to reveal universal truths. universal truths.
Their philosophies revolved around the idea that Their philosophies revolved around the idea that the perceived world is relative to the beholder the perceived world is relative to the beholder and, as such, no one can be sure whether any and, as such, no one can be sure whether any truths actually exist.truths actually exist.
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationThe EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment
Immanuel KantImmanuel Kant Took skepticism to its Took skepticism to its
greatest lengths, arguing greatest lengths, arguing that man could truly that man could truly know neither observed know neither observed objects nor metaphysical objects nor metaphysical concepts;concepts;
Universal truths are Universal truths are impossible. impossible.
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationBaroqueBaroque
Baroque ArtBaroque Art Heavily influenced by the Heavily influenced by the
Enlightenment Enlightenment IndividualismIndividualism AbsolutismAbsolutism Counter-ReformationCounter-Reformation Extension of Renaissance Extension of Renaissance
humanism and realism humanism and realism
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationBaroque PaintingBaroque Painting
Great drama Great drama Rich, deep color, Rich, deep color, Intense light and Intense light and
dark shadowsdark shadows Baroque artists Baroque artists
chose the most chose the most dramatic point, dramatic point, the moment the moment when the action when the action was occurringwas occurring
Artemesia Gentileschi, Judith Slaying Holofernes, 1614–20
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationBaroque PaintingBaroque Painting
RembrandtRembrandt Dutch Painter Dutch Painter Self-portraitsSelf-portraits Biblical ScenesBiblical Scenes
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationBaroque Painting – RembrantBaroque Painting – Rembrant
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationBaroque Painting – RembrantBaroque Painting – Rembrant
Jeremiah Lamenting the Destruction of Jerusalem, c. 1630
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationBaroque Painting – Baroque Painting –
RembrantRembrant
Abraham and Isaac, 1634
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationBaroque Painting – Baroque Painting –
RembrantRembrant
Crucifixion
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationBaroque Painting – Baroque Painting –
RembrantRembrant
Rembrandt poses as "The Prodigal Son in the Tavern" — a portrait historié, 1635
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationBaroque Painting – Baroque Painting – Peter Paul RubensPeter Paul Rubens
Self-portrait
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationBaroque Painting – Baroque Painting – Peter Paul RubensPeter Paul Rubens
The Elevation of the Cross , 1611
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationBaroque Painting – Baroque Painting – Peter Paul RubensPeter Paul Rubens
Prometheus Bound, 1611–12
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationBaroque Painting – Baroque Painting – Peter Paul RubensPeter Paul Rubens
The Fall of Man 1628–29
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationBaroque Painting – Baroque Painting –
Michelangelo Merisi da Michelangelo Merisi da CaravaggioCaravaggio
Self-portrait
CaravaggioCaravaggio
Judith Beheading Holofernes 1598–1599
CaravaggioCaravaggio
The Calling of Saint Matthew (1599–1600)
CaravaggioCaravaggio
The Crucifixion of Saint Peter, 1601
CaravaggioCaravaggio
Amor Vincit Omnia. 1601–1602
CaravaggioCaravaggio
Supper at Emmaus, 1601
CaravaggioCaravaggio
The Entombment of Christ, (1602–1603)
CaravaggioCaravaggio
Conversion of Saint Paul, 1601
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationBaroqueBaroque
Baroque MusicBaroque Music During the period, composers and performers During the period, composers and performers
used more elaborate musical ornamentationused more elaborate musical ornamentation Made changes in musical notationMade changes in musical notation Developed new instrumental playing Developed new instrumental playing
techniques. techniques. Expanded the size, range, and complexity of Expanded the size, range, and complexity of
instrumental performanceinstrumental performance Established opera as a musical genre Established opera as a musical genre
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationBaroque MusicBaroque Music
George Frideric Handel
Antonio Vivaldi
Johann Sebastian Bach