Kwame Nkrumah - Neo-Colonialism - The Last Stage of Imperialism
Western Civilization II HIS-102 Unit 9 – Politics, Imperialism, and Colonialism 1870-1914.
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Transcript of Western Civilization II HIS-102 Unit 9 – Politics, Imperialism, and Colonialism 1870-1914.
Second Industrial Revolution By the late 1890s, there were a variety of cheaper
ways to make steel Led to the rapid expansion of the steel industry Britain embraced the use of steel for its ships Steel industry was dominated by Germany and the U.S.
Electricity Alessandro Volta invented the chemical battery in 1800 Michael Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction
which led to the first electromagnetic generator in 1866
By the 1880s, alternators and transformers produce high-voltage alternating current
Edison invented the incandescent-filament lamp in 1879
Second Industrial Revolution Chemicals
Efficient production of alkali and sulfuric acid Transformed manufacture of paper, soaps, textiles, and
fertilizer British led the way in soaps and cleaners and in mass
marketing German production focused on industrial uses (e.g.,
synthetic dyes and refining petroleum) Petroleum
Development of liquid-fuel internal combustion engine Mainly pushed by the rise of the automotive and aviation
industries By 1914, most navies had converted from coal to oil Discovery of oil fields in Russia, Borneo, Persia, and Texas
Second Industrial Revolution Other technological developments included:
First of the great tunnels: Mount Cenis (1873) and the Simplon (1906) in the Alps
Large canals: Suez (1869), Kiel (1895), and Panama (1914)
Telephone (1875) Transatlantic wireless communications (1902)
Started in Britain and Belgium Spread to the rest of Europe and the United States
Major European manufacturers were Britain, Germany, and France Accounted for 7/10’s manufacturing in 1914 Produced 4/5 of Europe’s steel, coal, and machinery
Effects of Technology on Industry New technology brought changes in scope
and scale to industry Part of the race toward a bigger, faster, cheaper,
and more efficient world Rise of heavy industry and mass marketing Creation of national mass cultures
Followed the news and how Europe spread its influence throughout the world
Feats of engineering mastery including canals, railroads, and dams
Generated enormous income for builders, investors, and entrepreneurs
Effects of Technology on Industry Impact of these changes on Europe
Population grew constantly, especially in central and eastern Europe
Food shortages declined due to improvements in crop yields and shipping
Improvements in medicine and hygiene led to the decline of many diseases including cholera and typhus
Led to longer life spans and reduced infant mortality rates
Creation of consumption culture Consumption as a center of economic activity and theory Appearance of the department store Development of modern advertising Introduction of credit payments to help the working class
Rise of the Corporation Prior to this period, most businesses were financed
either by individual investors or joint-stock operations
This began to change in the late 19th century Due to economic growth and demands of mass
consumption Needed to mobilize funds to help grow large-scale
enterprises Rise of the modern corporation
Limited-liability laws gave protection to stockholders Would only lose their share value in the event of
bankruptcy Middle classes now considered corporate investment
promising
Rise of the Corporation Larger corporations became necessary for
survival Focused mainly on the desire for increased profits Shifted control from the family to distant bankers
and financiers Demand for technical expertise which led to the
rise of technical degrees Creation of the white collar class: middle-level
salaried managers, neither owners nor laborers Consolidation of smaller businesses would protect
industries from cyclical fluctuations and unbridled competition
Rise of the Corporation Vertical integration
Industries controlled every step of production From acquisition of raw materials to distribution of
finished goods Horizontal integration
Organized into cartels Companies in the same industry would band
together Fixing prices and controlling competition Coal, oil, and steel were particularly well-adapted
Dominant trend was increased cooperation between government and industry Appearance of businessmen and financiers as
officers of state
International Economics Rapid industrialization led to stronger
competition amongst nations Search for markets, goods, and influence fueled
imperial expansion Creation of an interlocking, worldwide system of
manufacturing, trade, and finance Trade barriers arose to protect home markets
All nations except Britain raised tariffs Needs of nation-states trumped laissez-faire
economics Near-universal adoption of the gold standard
Allowed for the exchange of currency Also allowed the use of a third country to mediate
trade imbalances
European “Balance of Payments” Development of free trade
Initiated by Britain after the repeal of Corn Laws in 1846 France adopted free trade in 1860 By 1914, most European countries adopted free trade
Most European countries imported more goods than they exported Britain and other industrial countries (Europe’s “inner
zone”) imported mainly raw materials for its manufacturing and food
This led to an unfavorable balance of trade Big question: how to pay for all the goods imported?
How to develop a favorable “balance of payments”?
European “Balance of Payments” Invisible Exports
Included shipping and insurance and interested on money lent
Example: British ship owners would be paid to bring goods to across the Atlantic
Development of insurance: Lloyds of London Helped bridge the gap in trade
Export of European capital European financiers would invest in foreign
companies Included areas such as U.S., South America, and Asia
Europe also exported people to colonies Mainly poorer classes would be used to help jump-
start economies in the colonies
The Gold Standard International economy was dependent on an
international money system Development of the gold standard
First adopted by England in 1821 £1 Sterling = 113g of fine gold Value of most European currencies remained
stable through 1914 Problems
Gold production lagged behind expanding industries
Led to a fall of prices between 1870-1900 Farming class was hit hardest as they were
constantly borrowing money
The Gold Standard Some did benefit from falling prices
Included wage earners and wealthy Financiers did well as the money they received in
payments was worth more than the original loan London was center of global economy
Benefitted from large indemnities post-Napoleon Banks gave out loans for countries fighting in wars Because they began the gold standard, many
people outside of Britain kept their funds in British sterling
Also became the main center for currency exchange Center of world’s shipping and international
corporations
Labor Politics Changes in the European working class
Workers resented corporate power Labor unions had been frowned upon by
European leaders In the 18th century, extensive legislation was
passed making them illegal Even revolutionaries were against them
Changed with the rise of “bourgeois” liberalism Unions started to become accepted and formally
legalized in the second half of the 19th century Bolstered by the prosperity of the 1850s
Labor Politics “New Model” Unionism
Began in the 1850s in Britain Restricted to a particular trade (e.g., coal miners)
instead of all workers Focused on the advancement of that specific trade
Took the unions out of politics Gave labor power to negotiate wages and conditions
of work Leaders started working with employers to avoid
strikes Provided the framework for the socialist mass party
Industrial unionism Brought unskilled workers into the ranks
Labor Politics Britain led the pack in unions
Partially due to its advanced industrialism Made it less socialist than its continental
counterparts Taff-Vale Decision (1901)
Court decision that stated a union was responsible for business losses during a strike
Opposition to this decision helped to bolster the Labour Party
Changes in national political structure Opened the political process to new participants New constituencies of working-class men Labor’s struggle with capital cast on a national scale Socialist organizations turned to reform
Advance of Democracy Characteristics of 1871-1914 Europe
Expansive material and industrial growth Domestic stability International peace New wave of imperialism Expansion of global economy
Period after 1871 was marked by stability Period of constitutional and representative
governments Extension of voting rights to working class Extension of self-government (democracy) Growth of the welfare state to counteract growth of
socialism
Third French Republic France had troubles establishing a democratic republic
The Second Empire fell after its surrender to Prussia in January 1871
New government was to be established with universal male suffrage
Conservative provisional government moved to Versailles Elections of 1871
Monarchists won the majority in the National Assembly Divided mainly between two groups: Legitimists and
Orléanists Legitimists wanted Bourbon dynasty (Charles X) reinstated Orléanists wanted the Orléans dynasty (Louis-Philippe) Only 150 republicans were elected as many French
distrusted them as too radical
Third French Republic Parisian working class refused to accept the
new government Were the ones who sacrificed the most during the
war and the subsequent siege of Paris Paris refused to surrender to the Germans
Paris Commune (March 18 – May 28, 1871) Paris proclaimed itself to be the true government
of France Set up a government called the Paris Commune Pitted the nation against the radical city of Paris Policies were similar to the Jacobins Very anti-bourgeoisie and upper class Contained some socialists but mainly republicans
Third French Republic Government sends troops to Paris in March 1871
Barricades and street fighting Troops were able to take the city in May In total, over 25,000 died, most of them executed Over 30,000 were arrested and 7,500 deported to
New Caledonia What form should the new government take?
Monarchists had the majority but could not agree Legitimists and Orléanists ended up cancelling each
other out Third Republic continued to exist Worked different constitutional plans
Third French Republic French Constitutional Laws of 1875
Formally established a republic headed by a president
Senate elected by an indirect system Chamber of Deputies elected by universal male
suffrage Included a Council of Ministers headed by a Premier Passed by one vote
Over the next few years the political roles would become more defined President essentially became a ceremonial figure True power rested in the hands of the Premier
Third French Republic Stable government?
Became difficult to form majority in the parliament due to dozens of political parties
Control formed through alliances or blocs Neither President nor Premier could dissolve the
Chamber to hold new elections Kept the government stable for the rest of 19th
century Troubles of the Third Republic
Many were fearful of the concept of a republic Rise in anti-Semitism Numerous political scandals in the 1880s and 1890s
Rise of Anti-Semitism French Anti-Semitism
Rose out of the defeat in 1870 Right-wing movement that was nationalist, anti-
liberal, and antiparliamentary Nationalism was no longer associated with the left
and was now linked to xenophobia Édouard Drumont (1844–1917)
Successful anti-Semitic journalist Attributed all of France’s problems to a Jewish
conspiracy Merged three strands of anti-Semitism Christian – “Jews as Christ killers” Economic – Rothschild as representative of all Jews Racial thinking - Jews as an inferior race
Rise of Anti-Semitism Drumont helped to spread an ideology of hatred
Claimed that Jews in the army subverted national purpose
Mass culture corrupted French culture “Greedy Jewish socialists and trade unionists”
preyed on the peasants and small shopkeepers La France Juive (Jewish France, 1886)
Called for the exclusion of Jews from French society Sold 100,000 copies in the first two months
La Libre Parole (Free Speech) Very popular newspaper Founded through his Anti-Semitic League
Dreyfus Affair Alfred Dreyfus (1859-1935)
Jewish captain in the French army Officers accused him of selling secrets to the
Germans Was convicted in November 1894 Sentenced to life imprisonment in the Devil’s Island
penal colony in French Guiana The Affair
In 1896, evidence was found that identified another officer as the true spy
Documents used against Dreyfus were found to be forgaries
However, Dreyfus was not exonerated
Dreyfus Affair Émile Zola (1840–1902) backed Dreyfus
Wrote an open letter in 1898 accusing the government of being anti-Semitic and unjust
Described the lack of evidence in the letter Was published on the front page of L'Aurore Zola was found guilty of libel and was forced to leave
France Dreyfus eventually pardoned by the president in
1899 Cleared of all guilt in 1906 by the supreme court Reinstated into the army
Republican reaction against the church Saw both the church and army as hostile to the state Passed laws (1901-1905) separating church and state
Strengths and Weaknesses Strengths of the Third French Republic
Garnered the loyalty of most of the French population
Showed that democratic republicanism can work Most classes lived in economic comfort
Weaknesses Still lagged behind in industry compared to Britain
and Germany Excessive fragmentation of political parties More than 50 ministries from 1871-1914 Working class was still unhappy Continued rise of socialism
British Constitutional Monarchy Characteristics of Britain under Victoria (1837-
1901) Era of expanding industry and material progress Numerous literary accomplishments Political stability Two major political parties: Liberals and
Conservatives Victoria in seclusion
In 1861, Prince Consort Albert died of typhoid fever Victoria went into a period of seclusion This seclusion helped to bolster the republican
movement inside of England
British Constitutional Monarchy Parties alternated control during this period
Conservatives had the support of the landed aristocracy
Liberals had the support of industrial and commercial interests
Both sought the support of the working class Increasing suffrage
Second Reform Bill (1867) extended suffrage to 1/3 male population
In 1884, another law extended it to ¾ of the male population
Universal male suffrage and limited women’s suffrage were enacted in 1918
British Constitutional Monarchy William E. Gladstone (1809-1898)
Liberal Prime Minister four times during the Victorian Era
Gladstone’s First ministry (1868-1874) Cardwell Reforms (1869) terminated the sale and
purchase of army commissions Forster's Education Act (1870) set framework for
public schools for children 5-12 University Test Act (1871) abolished religious tests
for Cambridge and Oxford Ballot Act (1872) introduced the use of secret ballot Formally legalized labor unions
British Constitutional Monarchy Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1888)
Conservative who held position of Prime Minister twice
Second Disraeli Ministry (1874-1880) Supported laissez-faire policies Public Health Act (1875) regulated public sanitation
to stop the spread of diseases such as cholera and typhus
Regulated workplace safety in the mines Allowed for peaceful picketing
Gladstone’s Second Ministry (1880-1885) Granted a form of workman’s compensation Included calls for shorter work days
British Politics after 1900 Independent Labour Party (1901)
Labor emerged as a third political party Called for more protective measures for the working
class Changes to the Liberal Party
Changed from laissez-faire policies to more government regulation
Focused more on social legislation to help the working poor
Liberal welfare reforms (1906-1914) Done during the ministry of Herbert Asquith (1906-
1916) Illustrated the shift to more progressive liberalism
British Politics after 1900 Reforms included:
New forms of insurance (e.g., unemployment, sickness, accident)
Minimum wage laws Removing restrictions on strikes and picketing
People’s Budget of 1909 Pushed through by Chancellor of the Exchequer
Lloyd George Designed to help pay new social reforms Called for progressive income and inheritance taxes Aimed primarily at the landed aristocracy Met tough resistance in both houses
British Politics after 1900 Parliament Act of 1911
Removed the right of the House of Lords to veto any economic matters
Put in a two-year delaying veto for other legislation Liberals also worked on getting salaries for
House of Commons Hoped it would get working class to run for seats
However, Liberals were showing signs of collapse Wages were starting to fall after 1900 Major coal and railway strikes occurred in 1911-1912
Labour Party continued to grow in popularity
Irish Question Act of Union (1800)
Ireland had been incorporated into the United Kingdom
Part had to do with the Irish Rebellion of 1798 Other part was due to French sympathies generated
during the French Revolution Irish had numerous grievances
Tenant farmers had no recourse against their landlords
Were subjugated to the Church of Ireland (Anglican) while most of the population was Catholic
Gladstone attempted to address these issues Church of Ireland was no longer the official state
church after the Irish Church Disestablishment Act 1869
Irish Question Home Rule Bills
First initiated by Gladstone in 1886 but it did not pass the Commons
Started a split amongst the Liberals Were attempted again in 1893 and 1914 Passed in 1914 but suspended due to World War I
Ulstermen Irish Protestants who strongly opposed the Home Rule
Bill Were afraid of being outnumbered by the Catholics Gained the support of the Conservatives Began arming themselves to fight if the bill passed Signed Ulster Covenant in 1912 to support armed
opposition
German Empire (1871-1890) After 1871, Bismarck worked not with the
Conservatives but with the National Liberals Conservatives were still against the concept of a
united Germany Liberals were more eager to help centralize the state
Setting up the new administration Sought to create the centralizing institutions of a
modern state Created a bicameral parliament Bundesrat – Upper house with appointed delegates Reichstag - Lower house elected through universal
male suffrage Executive power rested solely with Wilhelm who was
both king and kaiser (emperor)
German Empire (1871-1890) Three problems facing Bismarck:
Divide between Catholics and Protestants Growing Social Democratic party Divisive economic interests of agriculture and
industry Addressing the Catholic Church
Bismarck wanted to subordinate the Church to the state
First Vatican Council reaffirmed papal infallibility in 1870 which would cause issues for Catholics in Germany
Catholics created a strong Center party that upheld church pronouncements
German Empire (1871-1890) Kulturkampf (cultural struggle)
Bismarck unleashed an anti-Catholic campaign Appealed to sectarian tensions over public education
and civil marriages Popular with Liberals who were strongly anticlerical Passed laws that imprisoned priests for political
sermons Banned Jesuits from Prussia
The campaign backfired Catholic Center party won seats in the Reichstag in
1874 Bismarck negotiated an alliance with the Catholic
Center
German Empire (1871-1890) Economic downturn of the late 1870s forced
Bismarck to create a new coalition Combined agricultural and industrial interests as well
as socially conservative Catholics Passed protectionist legislation that upset laissez-
faire supporters and the working class Social Democrats became the new enemies
German Social Democratic party (SPD) was formed in 1875
Blend of Marxian socialists and moderate reformers of the Paris Commune
Attempted assissinations In 1878, there were two failed assassination attempts
against Wilhelm
German Empire (1871-1890) Anti-SPD legislation
Bismarck associated socialism with the anarchy Passed numerous antisocialist laws between 1878
and 1880 Expelled socialists from major cities The party still managed to win elections even
though it was technically illegal Bismarck did pass some social welfare
Workers guaranteed sickness and accident insurance
Rigorous factory inspection Limited working hours for women and children Old-age pensions Still failed to win over the working class
Wilhelm II (1888-1918) By 1890, support for the SPD continued to grow
Votes for SPD quadrupled between 1881 and 1890 William II (1888–1918)
Wanted Germany to go on a “new course” in 1890 He wanted to rule Germany, not Bismarck Called for the resignation of Bismarck Suspended antisocialist legislation and legalized the
SPD SPD continued to gain in popularity
Received 1/3 total votes in election of 1912 Received 110 members into the Reichstag However, they were still excluded from the highest
government positions
Russia: Road to Revolution Russia was plagued with problems after 1871
The autocratic political system was unable to handle the conflict and pressures from modern society
Threatened by Western industrialization and political doctrines
Russia responded with some reform but repression as well
Russian industrialization (1880s–1890s) State-directed industrial development Serfs emancipated in 1861 No independent middle class capable of raising capital Rapid industrialization heightened social tensions Workers left their villages temporarily to work in
factories, and then returned for planting and harvest
Russia: Road to Revolution The legal system had not been modernized
No recognition of trade unions or employers’ associations
Still distinguished between nobles and peasants rather than modern society
Contained outdated banking and finance laws Alexander III (1881–1894)
Steered the country toward the right Believed Russia had nothing in common with the
west Focused on repression, especially of liberal ideas Curtailed power of the zemstvos Increased authority of the secret police
Russia: Road to Revolution Nicholas II (1894–1917)
Continued these “counter-reforms” Advocated Russification over non-Russian subjects Targeted the Jews with pogroms and open anti-Semitism
Rise of the Populists Believed that Russia should modernize on its own terms,
not those of the West Wanted egalitarianism based on the village commune
(mir) Formed secret bands with the hope of overthrowing the
tsar through anarchy and insurrection Read Marx’s Das Capital and emphasized peasant
socialism Played a role in the creation of the Social Revolutionary
Party in 1901
Russia: Road to Revolution Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP)
Main form of Russian Marxism Grew in response to growing Populism Concentrated on urban workers rather than peasantry Believed that Russian autocracy would give way to
capitalism Capitalism would eventually give way to a classless
society Blended radicalism with a scientific approach to
history In 1903, the Social Democratic party split
Occurred at the Second Congress which met in London Was over the major points of the Party’s program
Russia: Road to Revolution Bolsheviks (“majority” )
Called for a central party organization of active revolutionaries
Rapid industrialization meant they did not have to follow Marx
Could “skip a stage” straight into revolution Eventually would become the foundation of the
Communist Party Mensheviks (“minority”)
Believed in a “gradualist” approach of slow changes Reluctant to depart from Marxist orthodoxy Able to regain control of the Social Democratic Party
Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924) Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924)
Older brother was executed for his involvement in the assassination of Alexander II
Was under suspicion for a plot against Alexander III in 1896
In exile in Siberia from 1897-1900 Remained in political exile from 1900 to 1917 in
western Europe Becomes the leader of the Bolsheviks Believed in the need for a coordinated socialist
movement What Is to Be Done? (1902)
Denounced gradualists and called for revolution Wanted to form a smaller organization of vanguards to
lead the working class
First Russian Revolution (1905) Took most of the revolutionaries by surprise Number of factors led to it
The defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
Rapid industrialization had transformed Russia unevenly Economic downturn of the 1900s lead to high
unemployment Low grain prices eventually led to peasant uprisings All combined with student radicalism to turn it all into a
politically based movement Russian government was not able to handle the
problems Radical workers organized strikes and demonstrations Trust in the tsar declined dramatically
First Russian Revolution (1905) “Bloody Sunday” (January 22, 1905)
Group of 200,000 workers demonstrated at the Winter Palace
Guard troops killed 130 and wounded several hundred Led to mass strikes throughout the country
Stores and factories were shut down The autocracy had lost control
Nicholas II issued October Manifesto (October 14, 1905) Guaranteed individual liberties Established the Duma as the legislative body based on
moderate suffrage Effectively ended the strikes and protests Designed to set up a constitutional monarchy
Russia After 1905 Revolution Not everyone was happy with the October
Manifesto Radicals wanted greater changes included universal
male suffrage Nicholas failed to see that fundamental change
was needed Wanted to hold on to autocratic power Revoked most of the promises made in October Deprived the Duma of its principal powers
Pyotr Stolypin (1862–1911) Was the Prime Minister under Nicholas II Wanted to repress revolutionary movement in Russia At the same time wanted to bring in agrarian
reforms
Russia After 1905 Revolution Stolypin Reforms (1906–1911)
Included the sale of five million acres of royal land to peasants
Granted peasants permission to withdraw from the mir to form independent farms
Canceled peasant property debts Legalized trade unions Established sickness and accident insurance
Problems for Russia Liberals and radicals wanted more changes Nicholas II refused to budge Russian agriculture suspended between emerging
capitalism and the peasant commune
Imperialism Definitions
The process of extending one state’s control over another
Formal imperialism Colonialism or direct control Colonizing countries annexed territories outright Established new governments
Informal imperialism Conquering nations reached agreements with
indigenous leaders and governed through them Allowed weaker state to maintain its independence while
reducing its sovereignty Carving out zones of European sovereignty and privilege
Imperialism Eighteenth-century losses
The British lost their North American colonies French lost the Atlantic trade Spanish and Portuguese lost their colonies in
South America Imperialist endeavors
Between 1875–1902, Europeans took up 90 percent of Africa
Between1870–1900, a small group of European states colonized one-quarter of the world’s lands
Imperialism Nineteenth-century imperialism
Appeared against the backdrop of industrialization, liberal revolutions, and the rise of nation-states
The need for raw materials Bringing progress to the world Imperialists sought to distance themselves from
earlier histories of conquest Guided more by “settlement and discipline” than
independent entrepreneurial activity Colonial resistance and rebellion forced Europeans to
develop new strategies of rule British granted self-government to Canada, Australia, and
New Zealand 19th empires established carefully codified racial
hierarchies
Imperialism The new imperialism and its causes Economic arguments
J. A. Hobson (1858–1940), Imperialism (1902) Imperialism was driven by a small group of financiers International capitalists Investors sought out secure investment opportunities in
colonies The manufacturing, military, and armaments interest
Lenin (1870–1924) Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism (1917) Imperialism as an essential stage in the development of
capitalism Demand for raw materials made colonization a necessary
investment The internal contradictions of capitalism produced imperialism The overthrow of capitalism would check imperialism
Imperialism Strategic and nationalist motives
International rivalries fueled the belief that national interests were at stake
The French supported imperialism as a means of restoring national honor
The British worried about German and French industrialization and losing world markets
The link between imperialism and nation-building Imperial policy
Less a matter of long-range planning More a matter of quick responses to improvised
situations
India and the British Empire The “Jewel of the British Crown” The British East India Company
Had its own military divided into European and Indian divisions
Held the right to collect taxes on land from Indian peasants
Held legal monopolies over trade in all goods (the most lucrative was opium)
Constituted a military and repressive government Offered economic privileges to those who allied
themselves with the British against others British policy divided
One group wanted to westernize India Another thought it safer and more practical to defer to
local culture
India and the British Empire The Sepoy Rebellion (1857–1858)
Uprising began near Delhi Social, economic, and political grievances Indian peasants attacked law courts and burned tax
rolls A protest against debt and corruption Hindu and Muslim leaders denounced Christian
missionaries The British response
Systematic campaign of repression Rebel-supported towns and villages were destroyed Defeat of the rebellion fired the imagination of the
British public
India and the British Empire Reorganizing the Indian empire
New strategies of British rule East India Company was abolished British raj governed directly Military reorganization Queen Victoria as empress of India Reform of the civil service Missionary activity subdued
India and the British Empire India and Britain
India as Britain’s largest export market India provided Britain with highly trained
engineers and bureaucrats 1.2 million Indian troops fought with the British in
World War I British indirect rule sought to create an Indian elite
to serve British interests Large social group of British-educated Indian civil
servants and businessmen Provided the leadership for an Indian nationalist
movement
Europe and China Europe and China
Forcing trade agreements Set up treaty ports Established outposts of missionary activity British aimed to improving terms of the China trade
The opium trade A direct link between Britain, British India, and China Opium one of the few products Europeans could sell
in China Northeast India as richest opium-growing area A “narco-military empire” Opium production was labor-intensive
Europe and China A triangular trade
East India Company sold opium to British, Dutch, and Chinese shippers
Opium sent to southeast Asia and China Silver paid for opium was used to buy Chinese
goods for the European market China banned opium imports (1830s)
Will lead to a collision course with British opium traders
Opium Wars (1830–1842) The first Opium War
Drugs not the main focus The issue was sovereignty and economic status European rights to trade
Treaty of Nanking (1843) British trading privileges Hong Kong
The second Opium War Britain granted further rights
Opium Wars (1830–1842) Other countries demand similar rights and
economic opportunities French, German, and Russian mining rights Begin manufacturing with Chinese labor The United States and the “open door”
Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) Forced China to concede trading privileges The independence of Korea
The Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864) Radical Christian rebels challenged the authority
of the emperor China’s agricultural heartland was devastated
Boxer Rebellion (1900) The Boxers
Secret society of men trained in martial arts Anti-foreign and anti-missionary Attacked foreign engineers, destroyed railway
lines, and marched on Beijing The European response
Great powers drew together Repression of the Boxers
The rebellion highlighted the vulnerability of European imperial power
Imperialism in China The new imperialism in 1900 Asia is partitioned
Japan alone retains its independence British: India, Burma, Malaya, Australia, and New
Zealand Dutch: Indonesia French: Indochina
Problems Struggle between great powers exacerbated
nationalist feelings The destabilizing effects of the new imperialism
Russian Imperialism Policy of annexation Southern colonization
Georgia (1801) Bessarabia, Turkestan, and Armenia Brought Russia and Britain close to war, especially
over Afghanistan The “Great Game”
Represented the jockeying taking place between Britain and Russia over the region
The Russo-Japanese War (1905) Russian naval forces were humiliated United States brokered the peace treaty
The French Empire The French in Algeria Algeria as a settler state
Utopian socialist communities Exiled revolutionaries of 1848 Winegrowers Not all settlers were French
Under the Third Republic (1870), Algeria was made a department of France Gave French settlers full rights of republican
citizenship Consolidated privileges Disenfranchised indigenous populations Differentiated “good” Berbers and “bad” Arabs
The French Empire After 1870: the “civilizing mission”
Reinforcing the purpose of the French republic and French prestige
Jules Ferry (1832–1893), argued for expansion into Indochina
French acquisitions Tunisia (1881) Northern and central Vietnam (1883) Laos and Cambodia (1893)
Federation of French West Africa (1893) Rationalizing the economic exploitation of the area “Enhancing the value” of the region Public programs served French interests only
Scramble for Africa The Congo Free State in the 1870s
A new drive into central Africa Specifically into the fertile valleys of the Congo River
European colonizers under the Belgian king, Leopold II (1865-1909)
Herbert M. Stanley and his “scientific journals” International Association for the Exploration and
Civilization of the Congo (1876) Signed treaties with local elites Opened the Congo to commercial exploitation (palm
oil, rubber, diamonds)
Scramble for Africa Other colonizers reacted (especially Portugal) The Treaty of Berlin (1884)
Chaired by Otto von Bismarck Established ground rules for a new phase of European
expansion Britain, France, and Germany joined forces to settle
the issue The Congo would be open to free trade and commerce
The Congo Free State Actually run by Leopold’s private company Slave trade to be suppressed in favor of free labor The Congo becomes a Belgian colony in 1908
Scramble for Africa The partition of Africa
Colonial powers increase their holdings in Africa in the 1880s
Germany Bismarck was a reluctant colonizer Seized strategic locations (Cameroon and
Tanzania) France
Aimed to move eastward across the continent
Scramble for Africa Britain
Southern and eastern Africa Cecil Rhodes (1853–1902)
Made a fortune from South African diamond mines (DeBeers)
Prime minister of Cape Colony (1890) Personal goal was to build an African empire founded on
diamonds Carved out territories in Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi,
and Botswana The “Cape-to-Cairo” railway Making Britain self-sufficient
Crisis of Empire (1900-1914) Europe in 1900
Crisis Sharp tensions between Western nations The expansion of European economic and military
commitments to territories overseas Fashoda (1898)
Britain and France faced one another for dominance of Africa
Ethiopia Italy developed a small empire along the shores of
the Red Sea (1880s–1890s) Annexed Eritrea and parts of Somalia
An expedition sent to conquer Ethiopia (1896) The Ethiopians killed six thousand Italians at Adowa
Crisis of Empire (1900-1914) South Africa: the Boer War
Afrikaners (Boers)—Dutch and Swiss settlers who had arrived in the early nineteenth century
Troubled relationship with the British in South Africa Afrikaners set up two free states: Transvaal and the
Orange Free State Afrikaners and British went to war (1899) British army was completely unprepared for war British government refused to compromise The British eventually seized Pretoria A guerilla war dragged on for three years British used concentration camps where Afrikaner
citizens were rounded up The Union of South Africa—British and Boers shared
power